Wu Dai,Yang Yiwei,Zhang Yi,et al.Current status of radiation sources, meterage and protection in X-ray FLASH radiotherapy[J].Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection,2025,45(11):1041-1046
Current status of radiation sources, meterage and protection in X-ray FLASH radiotherapy
Received:October 24, 2025  
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112271-20251024-00370
KeyWords:FLASH radiotherapy  X-rays  Radiation sources  Dosimetry
FundProject:国家自然科学基金(12375318)
Author NameAffiliation
Wu Dai Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China 
Yang Yiwei Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China 
Zhang Yi Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550024, China
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 
Tang Yinghong College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610000, China 
Hu Xulin School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China 
Wang Qingqing School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China 
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Abstract::
      International studies have established that electrons, X-rays, protons, and heavy ions can all be utilized in ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy. Among these modalities, megavoltage X-ray ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy holds particularly broad clinical promise. With its long-term expertise in high-intensity pulsed radiation sources, the Institute of Applied Electronics at the China Academy of Engineering Physics has pioneered global solutions for generating and measuring megavoltage X-rays ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy, positioning China at the forefront of this field. Herein, we review the development history, current status, and future trends in ultra-high dose-rate X-ray generation, measurement, and protection. The insights provided aim to serve as a reliable reference for clinical and preclinical research, equipment development, and standardization, thereby enabling more precise and reliable megavoltage ultra-high dose-rate X-ray production and measurement. We hope this work will significantly support further research and clinical translation of ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy technology.
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