| 郭猜,杨端节,王瑞英.食品和饮用水中放射性核素的浓度控制[J].中华放射医学与防护杂志,2024,44(10):896-900.Guo Cai,Yang Duanjie,Wang Ruiying.Limits for concentrations of radionuclides in food and drinking water[J].Chin J Radiol Med Prot,2024,44(10):896-900 |
| 食品和饮用水中放射性核素的浓度控制 |
| Limits for concentrations of radionuclides in food and drinking water |
| 投稿时间：2023-10-12 |
| DOI：10.3760/cma.j.cn112271-20231012-00118 |
| 中文关键词: 辐射安全 放射性污染 限制浓度 食品和饮用水 |
| 英文关键词:Radiation safety Radioactive contamination Concentration limit Food and drinking-water |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 福岛核事故对周边海域造成了严重的影响并持续至今。日本东京电力公司于2023年将福岛核事故产生的污水排放进入海洋,引起公众对放射性安全的担忧,有必要对食品和饮用水中放射性核素浓度的限制标准进行回顾和分析。在计划照射、应急照射和现存照射情况下,采用不同的手段控制食入内照射并使用不同的剂量水平和剂量概念。国际原子能机构(IAEA)、联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)、世界卫生组织(WHO)等国际组织均制定和发布了针对食品和饮用水中放射性核素浓度的指导标准,包括国际食品法典、饮用水安全指导方针、应急操作干预水平中的相关标准和推荐值。这些标准的制定原理相似,但适用的照射情况和参数取值各不相同。福岛核事故发生后,日本根据照射情况制定、修订了法规标准,以限制食品和饮用水中的放射性核素浓度,并严格控制日本福岛等县产出的食品。国际社会和日本的一些地方组织也采取了一些手段限制来自福岛地区食品的流通和出售。基于福岛核事故经验和各类标准的对比结果,本文从适用的照射情况、剂量水平、考虑的核素、食品种类、饮用水标准方面提出了我国相关标准的修订建议。本文还讨论了建立连续、一致的食入内照射防护体系的需要及相关标准中的一些问题。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| The accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant has had a severe and ongoing impact on the surrounding marine environment. Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) discharged contaminated water from the accident into the ocean in 2023. This has raised concerns among the public on radiation safety. It is necessary to review and analyze the limits and standards for radionuclide activity concentrations in food and drinking water. Different measures are applied to controlling internal exposure via ingestion pathway, respectively, in planned exposure situations, emergency exposure situations or existing exposure situations, with different dose levels and dose concepts being adopted. IAEA, FAO, WHO and other international organizations have issued standards on radionuclide activity concentrations in food and drinking water. These guidelines include Codex Alimentarius Commission guidelines, WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality, operational intervention levels. The methodologies underlying these guidelines are similar, but the exposure situations and the parameters are different. After the Fukushima accident, Japan enacted and revised domestic legislation and requirements in line with the exposure situation to control and limit the radionuclide activity concentrations in food and drinking water. Restrictions are imposed on food produced in Fukushima and other prefectures. Other countries and the local organizations in Japan have also taken a wide range of measures to restrict the circulation and sales of the food from Fukushima area. Based on the experience gained from Fukushima accident and comparison of various categories of standards, this paper aims to present the recommendations on revise of standards in China with respect to applicable exposure situation, dose level, radionuclides considered, types of food, standards on drinking-water. Needs are also discussed to build a continuous and consistent protection system for the internal exposure via ingestion pathway, together with some other issues present in current standards. |
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