中华放射医学与防护杂志  2026, Vol. 46 Issue (5): 458-463   PDF    
Q. Clear在 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR肾上腺显像中降低放射性药物剂量的可行性研究
林华1 , 李莉1 , 苏鸣岗1 , 胡云龙2 , 彭婉琳2 , 李真林2 , 夏春潮2     
1. 四川大学华西医院核医学科, 成都 610041;
2. 四川大学华西医院放射科, 成都 610041
[摘要] 目的 与有序子集最大期望值算法(OSEM)对比, 探讨贝叶斯惩罚似然重建算法(Q. Clear)结合低剂量放射性药物在肾上腺镓-68-喷替沙福正电子发射断层显像/磁共振成像(68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR)图像质量和辐射剂量的研究。方法 回顾性纳入在四川大学华西医院接受68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR检查的原发性醛固酮增多症患者35例, 注射剂量为(142.3 ± 38.5) MBq, 采集时间为6 min/床位, 通过数据分割模拟不同采集时间(1、1.5、2、3、6 min/床位), 分别对应16.7%、25%、33.3%、50%及100%全剂量, 行Q. Clear (β=1 000)和OSEM图像重建, 比较两种算法图像噪声、病灶显示、整体质量等主观评分以及标准摄取值(SUV)、病灶体积(LV)、病灶背景比(L/B)、信噪比(SNR)和背景噪声(SD)等客观指标。结果 主观评价显示Q. Clear在2 min及以上采集时间均达到临床诊断标准(≥3分)。客观参数显示, 与OSEM相比, Q. Clear在各时间组均表现出更优的噪声抑制能力, 且2 min Q. Clear的SNR[60.50(44.62, 86.97)]、L/B[11.17(8.60, 15.72)]和SD[0.24(0.18, 0.34)]与6 min OSEM的SNR[57.55(39.26, 80.06)]、L/B[11.84(7.23, 13.19)]、SD[0.28(0.19, 0.35)]之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 保持6 min/床位采集时间, 采用33.3%放射性药物剂量, Q. Clear可获得满足临床诊断的图像质量, 为制定低剂量扫描方案提供了依据, 有助于推动肾上腺肿瘤精准诊疗的辐射安全。
[关键词] Q. Clear    PET/MR    肾上腺    放射性药物剂量    图像重建    
Feasibility of Q. Clear reconstruction algorithm in reducing radiopharmaceutical dose for adrenal 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR imaging
Lin Hua1 , Li Li1 , Su Minggang1 , Hu Yunlong2 , Peng Wanlin2 , Li Zhenlin2 , Xia Chunchao2     
1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
2. Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the feasibility of Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm (Q. Clear) combined with low-dose radiopharmaceuticals in adrenal gallium-68-pentixafor positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR), in comparison with ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm, in terms of image quality and radiation dose. Methods A total of 35 patients with primary aldosteronism who underwent 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR at West China Hospital of Sichuan University were retrospectively enrolled. The mean injected dose was (142.3 ± 38.5) MBq. Data were acquired for 6 min per bed position and subsequently partitioned to simulate shorter acquisition times(1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 6 min/bed), corresponding to 16.7%, 25%, 33.3%, 50%, and 100% of the full dose, respectively. Images were reconstructed using both Q. Clear(β=1 000) and OSEM.Subjective assessments included image noise, lesion clarity, and overall image quality scores. Objective metrics encompassed standardized uptake values (SUVmax, SUVmean), lesion volume (LV), signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), lesion-to-background ratio(L/B) and background noise(SD). Results Subjective assessments showed that Q. Clear achieved diagnostic-quality images (score ≥3) in acquisition time groups of 2 min or longer; however, the 2 min-group exhibited increased noise compared to longer acquisitions. Analysis of objective parameters revealed superior noise suppression with Q. Clear across all time groups compared to OSEM(P < 0.05)Notably, no significant differences were observed between Q. Clear at 2 min and OSEM at 6 min in SNR[60.50 (44.62, 86.97) vs.57.55 (39.26, 80.06)], L/B[11.17 (8.60, 15.72) vs.11.84 (7.23, 13.19)] or SD[0.24 (0.18, 0.34) vs. 0.28 (0.19, 0.35)]. Conclusions Maintaining a 6-minute acquisition time per bed position with 33.3% injected radiopharmaceutical dose and Q. Clear reconstruction provides sufficient image quality for clinical diagnosis.This finding supports the development of low-dose scanning protocols and contributes to radiation safety in precision diagnosis and treatment of adrenal tumors.
[Key words] Q. Clear    PET/MR    Adrenal gland    Radiopharmaceutical dose    Image reconstruction    

肾上腺趋化因子受体4(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)在原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)的分子分型中具有重要临床价值[1]68Ga-Pentixafor作为靶向CXCR4的PET显像剂,已广泛用于肾上腺病变的功能定位与代谢评估[2]。PA患者多为中青年,术后需要多次随访复查以评估疗效及复发,且部分患者伴有肥胖。68Ga-Pentixafor是成像的辐射来源,降低剂量对于减少PA患者辐射暴露具有重要意义[3];但可能导致图像信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)下降,影响病灶检出率[4]。贝叶斯惩罚似然算法(Bayesian penalized likelihood,Q. Clear)通过动态平衡噪声抑制与对比度保留,展现出低剂量的适应性[5-7]。有研究表明,Q. Clear在0.5 min采集时间下获得与有序子集最大期望值算法(ordered subset expectation maximization,OSEM)在1.5 min采集相当的SNR[8],且在低剂量条件下仍能有效控制背景噪声,适用于剂量敏感或采集时间受限的临床场景[9-11]。目前鲜有关于Q. Clear在肾上腺趋化因子受体显像中的相关研究,尤其是在低剂量条件下的图像质量表现仍有待验证。本研究旨在通过比较肾上腺趋化因子受体显像中,Q. Clear在不同采集时间下的图像质量,评估其剂量优化潜力,并为制定低剂量扫描协议提供支持。

资料与方法

1. 研究对象:回顾性纳入2024年10月至2025年4月在四川大学华西医院核医学科接受68Ga-Pentinafar正电子发射断层显像/磁共振成像(PET/MR)检查的PA患者共35例,其中男11例,女24例,年龄(45.9 ± 11.1)岁;体质量指数(BMI)为18.5~32.1 kg/m2,平均(24.8 ± 3.6)kg/m2;肾上腺病灶35个,病灶最大径0.6~ 3.2 cm,平均(1.8 ± 0.9)cm。纳入标准:患者年龄≥18岁;68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR影像数据及临床诊断资料完整;临床确诊为PA。排除标准:影像数据存在严重运动伪影,无法进行定量分析;扫描范围内肾上腺周围组织或脏器存在占位性病变;非典型PA表现或病灶形态不规则者;图像重建参数不统一。

2. 放射性药物制备与剂量:68Ga-Pentixafor在华西医院核医学科无菌实验室合成,通过紫外和放射高效液相色谱对放射合成进行质量控制,最终产品无菌无热源,放射化学纯度≥95%。注射剂量按1.85~3.7 MBq/kg计算,平均注射剂量为(142.3 ± 38.5)MBq,按体质量校正后平均为(2.31 ± 0.42)MBq/kg。患者注射前避免剧烈运动,静息(64.3 ± 21.2)min后行PET/MR检查。

3. 图像采集与重建:使用美国通用公司SIGNA PET/MR系统进行单床位显像(轴向采集范围24.4 cm),采集时间设定为6 min。同步采集3D T1加权序列(LAVA-FLEX)、T2加权序列(T2 FSE FLEX)、扩散加权成像(DWI)用于衰减校正及解剖定位。对原始PET数据进行分割,以模拟1、1.5、2、3和6 min的采集时间,对应68Ga-Pentixafor药物模拟剂量为:16.7%、25%、33.3%、50%及100% 全剂量,并分别采用OSEM(迭代次数2次,子集数28个,滤波截止频率4 mm)与Q. Clear (β值=1 000)进行重建,两者均飞行时间(time of flight, TOF)校正开启,点扩散函数(point spread function, PSF)校正开启,矩阵大小256 × 256,重建视野600 mm × 600 mm,层厚2.78 mm[12-13]

4. 图像质量评价

(1) 主观评分:由两名经验丰富的核医学医师独立盲评图像质量,当结果不一致时,由第3位资深专家予以裁定。采用5分Likert量表[14]评估图像噪声、病灶显示及整体质量,≥3分满足临床诊断要求。

(2) 客观指标:基于标准化摄取值(standardized uptake value,SUV)、病灶体积(lesion volume,LV)、病灶背景比(lesion-to-background ratio,L/B)、SNR及图像噪声进行定量分析。采用美国GE公司AW VolumeShare 7工作站,在6 min OSEM PET图像中勾画肾上腺病灶三维感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),以42%阈值分割法确定病灶体积[15-16];另在肝右叶匀质区域设置直径3 cm的球形ROI作为背景参照。上述ROI采用刚性配准算法克隆至OSEM与Q. Clear重建的1、1.5、2、3、6 min PET图像,确保跨算法及跨时间组ROI定位一致。提取各时间组病灶ROI的最大标准摄取值(SUVmax-lesion)及平均标准摄取值(SUVmean-lesion),以及肝脏ROI的SUVmax-background及其标准差(SD)。根据公式计算:SNR=SUV mean_lesion / SD,L/B= SUVmax_lesion / SUVmax_background。以肝脏ROI的SD作为图像噪声的客观评价指标。

5. 统计学处理:采用SPSS 30.0进行数据分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验验证数据的正态性,符合正态分布以x±s表示,采用单因素方差分析,Bonferroni法用于多重比较校正;非正态分布则以中位数及四分位数M(Q1, Q3)表示,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,若差异有统计学意义,则采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行两两比较,并使用Bonferroni法校正P值。对两名医师的主观评分一致性采用加权Kappa检验。采用组内相关系数(ICC)和个体内变异系数(CV)分析SUV重复性和一致性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1. 主观评价:两名医师的对OSEM和Q. Clear不同采集时间图像噪声、病灶显示和整体质量的主观评分一致性良好(Kappa=0.66~0.94,表 1)。在图像噪声、病灶显示和整体质量上,≥2 min采集时间结合Q. Clear和≥3 min采集时间结合OSEM获得的图像都满足临床诊断要求(所有评分≥3分,表 2图 1)。

表 1 两名医师对35例患者主观评价的一致性检验(Kappa值) Table 1 Consistency test of subjective evaluations of 35 patients by two physicians(Kappa value)

表 2 OSEM和Q. Clear不同采集时间图像质量的主观评价[M(Q1, Q3)] Table 2 Subjective evaluation of image quality at different acquisition times for OSEM and Q. Clear [M(Q1, Q3)]

注:绿色箭头为代谢明显增高的右侧肾上腺肿瘤,最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)=33.64;红色箭头为干扰诊断的图像噪声 图 1 1例35岁男性患者分别采用有序子集最大期望值算法(OSEM)和贝叶斯惩罚似然算法(Q. Clear)不同采集时间获得的图像质量A.1.0 min;B.1.5 min;C.2.0 min;D.3.0 min;E.6.0 min;F.1.0 min;G.1.5 min;H.2.0 min;I.3.0 min;J.6.0 min Figure 1 Quality of images reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximization and Bayesian penalized likelihood algorithms at different acquisition times in a 35-year-old male patient  A.1.0 min; B.1.5 min; C.2.0 min; D.3.0 min; E.6.0 min; F.1.0 min; G.1.5 min; H.2.0 min; I.3.0 min; J.6.0 min

2. 客观评价:在L/B、SNR和SD方面(表 3),OSEM与Q. Clear均表现出相似的时间依赖性趋势。各时间组内Q. Clear的SD均低于OSEM,SNR高于OSEM。2 min Q. Clear的L/B、SNR及SD与6.0 min OSEM差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。OSEM与Q. Clear在各时间组的SUVmax、SUVmean、肿瘤体积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图 2)。SUV重复性分析显示,两种重建算法在不同时间组的一致性极好,OSEM的ICC为0.943(SUVmax)和0.936(SUVmean),Q. Clear的ICC分别为0.951(SUVmax)和0.947(SUVmean);CV中位数为9.8%~11.6%,表明SUV在各时间组波动较小。

表 3 OSEM和Q. Clear图像客观参数(L/B、SNR和SD)对比[M(Q1, Q3)] Table 3 Comparison of objective parameters (L/B, SNR, and SD) between OSEM and Q. Clear images[M(Q1, Q3)]

注:箱线图中箱体为25%~75% IQR范围,箱内实线为均值,须线延伸至1.5 IQR内极值。OSEM.有序子集最大期望值算法;Q. Clear. 贝叶斯惩罚似然算法;IQR.四分位距 图 2 OSEM和Q. Clear图像在不同采集时间的客观参数  A.最大标准摄取值(SUVmax);B.平均标准摄取值(SUVmean);C.病灶体积(LV) Figure 2 Objective parameters of OSEM and Q. Clear images   A. Maximum standardized uptake(SUVmax); B. Mean standardized uptake(SUVmean); C. Lesion volume(LV)

讨论

本研究系统评估了Q. Clear在68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MR肾上腺显像中的成像效果。结果表明,Q. Clear在2 min及以上采集时间能有效平衡噪声抑制与对比度保留,从而获取高质量图像。在保持6 min/床位采集时间不变的前提下,将68Ga-Pentixafor剂量减少至常规剂量的33.3%,Q. Clear能获得与OSEM全剂量相当的图像质量。

PET光子计数与放射性药物注射剂量成正比,决定了PET图像的质量,而患者所受辐射剂量与放射性药物注射剂量成正比。本研究结果基于Q. Clear在低计数条件下仍具备良好的噪声控制能力和对比度保留机制[17-20],能保证PA患者在大幅降低辐射剂量的同时,获得满足临床诊断需求的图像质量,与Kirchner等[21]的研究一致。在缩短检查时间、减少患者移动伪影方面具有潜在优势。

本研究结果显示,2 min Q. Clear图像的主客观评价与全剂量OSEM相当,满足临床需求,较既往weiwei等[12]的研究结果更优,差异可能是研究的β值不同。本研究的β值基于既往68Ga药物研究设置为1 000[11, 17-18],β值对图像质量具有双重效应:随着β值增高,噪声抑制能力随之增强,但可能降低部分对比度,导致病灶边缘的过度平滑,从而低估SUV值或遗漏微小病灶[22-23]。1、1.5 min OSEM和1 min Q. Clear的病灶显示程度显著低于6 min OSEM,提示过短的采集时间会削弱OSEM和Q. Clear的稳定性,图像噪声增大,干扰诊断。6 min Q. Clear图像整体质量主观评分较3 min Q. Clear降低,这可能与Q. Clear的惩罚函数特性相关:Q. Clear在短采集时间下优先保留高对比度信息,从而弥补计数不足导致的L/B和SNR下降[20]

本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,样本量相对较小,肥胖患者仅5例,占比较少(14%),结论外推至肥胖人群需谨慎,后续需扩大样本进行验证;其次,未对β值的优化进行系统性研究,未来可结合药物注射剂量、病灶体积和患者BMI动态调整β值,探索PA伴肥胖患者的个体化扫描方案[24-27];最后,对于68Ga-Pentixafor,缩短采集时间并不完全等效于降低药物剂量:前者主要引入统计噪声,后者伴随呼吸运动伪影增加及药代动力学改变。因此,Q. Clear在真实低剂量68Ga-Pentixafor场景下的效能仍有待前瞻性验证。

综上所述,在PA患者肾上腺趋化因子受体显像中,Q. Clear可在6 min/床位的采集条件下,将68Ga-Pentixafor剂量减少至33.3%,实现与全剂量OSEM相当的图像质量,为制定低剂量扫描方案提供了有力支持。

利益冲突  无

作者贡献声明  林华负责实验设计和论文撰写;李莉、胡云龙协助数据分析;苏鸣岗、李真林、夏春潮指导研究和论文修改;彭婉琳协助论文修改

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