中华放射医学与防护杂志  2025, Vol. 45 Issue (7): 629-636   PDF    
PINK1/Parkin通路介导线粒体自噬在辐射诱导的肺上皮细胞间充质转换中的作用机制研究
丁高峰 , 段青可 , 王雯 , 陆寓非     
郑州大学附属肿瘤医院 河南省肿瘤医院放疗科, 郑州 450003
[摘要] 目的 探讨电离辐射调控线粒体自噬在辐射诱导的上皮细胞间质转化(EMT)中的作用及其机制, 为放射性肺纤维化(RIPF)的发病机制及临床治疗提供实验依据。方法 用6 Gy X射线照射Beas-2B细胞, 分别在照射后0、12、24和48 h观察细胞的形态变化。Western blot法检测线粒体自噬和EMT相关蛋白含量的变化; JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)的变化; 透射电镜观测照射后48 h细胞内超微结构的变化。将Beas-2B细胞随机分为对照组、照射组(RI组)、照射+空载组(RI+oeNC组)、照射+PINK1过表达组(RI+oePINK1组)。利用免疫荧光法、流式细胞仪和Western blot检测线粒体自噬和EMT相关蛋白含量的变化。结果 随着照射后时间的延长, 照射组细胞形态由不规则多边形转变为梭形, 呈现出EMT表象; JC-1染色结果显示, 红色荧光减弱, 绿色荧光增强, 红/绿荧光比值下降。照射后48 h, 细胞内自噬溶酶体数量显著减少; 随着时间延长, PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达水平均显著下降, p62蛋白表达显著上升(t=6.48、3.72、6.06、-18.71, P<0.05);同时E-cad和CK19表达显著降低, N-cad和Vim表达显著升高(t=6.06、-21.49、-9.58、3.58, P<0.05)。过表达PINK1组LC3表达增强, FN1表达减弱, 活性氧(ROS)显著减低(t=-342.54、88.01、25.48, P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示, 过表达PINK1后, PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达水平均显著增加, p62蛋白表达显著降低(t=-25.57、-8.76、-11.24、34.81, P<0.05);E-cad和CK19表达显著增加, N-cad和Vim表达显著降低(t=-7.12、12.04、67.92、-7.64, P<0.05)。结论 X射线照射可促进Beas-2B细胞EMT并损害其线粒体功能, 减弱PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬; 过表达PINK1促进其线粒体自噬, 可以改善其线粒体功能, 有效抑制细胞EMT。
[关键词] 线粒体    自噬    X射线    上皮间质转化    放射性肺纤维化    
Role of PINK1/Parkin mediated mitochondrial autophagy in radiation-induced mesenchymal transition of lung epithelial cells
Ding Gaofeng , Duan Qingke , Wang Wen , Lu Yufei     
Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the role of ionizing radiation in regulating mitochondrial autophagy and epithelial mesenchymal transaction (EMT) in lung, in order to provide experimental evidence for further elucidating the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Methods Beas-2B cells were irradiated with 6 Gy X-rays, and their morphological changes were observed at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after irradiation. The changes of mitochondrial autophagy and EMT-related proteins in PINK1/Parkin pathway were detected by Western blot assay. The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by JC-1 staining. TEM was used to observe the changes of cell ultrastructure 48h after radiation. Beas-2B cells were then divided into control group, irradiation group (RI), RI + vector plasmid group (RI+oeNC), RI+PINK1 overexpression group (RI+oePINK1), and the protein changes of FN1 and LC3 were detected by immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry was used to detect the change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in each group. The changes of mitochondrial autophagy and EMT-related protein contents were detected by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and Western blot, respectively. Results After X-ray irradiation, the cell morphology of human epithelial cells Beas-2B was changed from irregular polygon to spindle shape along with the time increase after irradiation, showing EMT appearance. JC-1 staining showed that, along with the time after irradiation, the red fluorescence was weakened, and the green fluorescence was enhanced, so that the red/green fluorescence ratio was decreased. TEM observation indicated that the cell morphology changed to spindle shape and the number of autophagic lysosomes decreased significantly at 48 h after irradiation. Western blot assay showed that the protein expression levels of PINK1, Parkin and Beclin1 were significantly decreased, while the expression of p62 protein was significantly increased after irradiation. Moreover, the expressions of E-cad and CK19 were significantly decreased, while the expressions of N-cad and Vim were significantly increased (t = 6.48, 3.72, 6.06, -18.71, P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence assay showed that LC3 expression was increased and FN1 expression was decreased in the oePINK1 group (t = 6.06, -21.49, -9.58, 3.58, P < 0.05). Flow cytometry assay showed that ROS in the oePINK1 group was significantly decreased (t = -342.54, 88.01, 25.48, P < 0.05). After PINK1 overexpression, the expression levels of PINK1, Parkin and Beclin1 were significantly increased, while the expression of p62 protein was significantly decreased (t = -25.57, -8.76, -11.24, 34.81, P < 0.05); meanwhile, the expressions of E-cad and CK19 were significantly increased, while the expressions of N-cad and Vim were significantly decreased (t =-7.12, 12.04, 67.92, -7.64, P < 0.05). Conclusions X-ray irradiation promoted EMT and impaired mitochondrial function of Beas-2B cells, and weakened mitochondrial autophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin pathway. Overexpression of PINK1 promoted mitochondrial autophagy, which improved mitochondrial function and effectively inhibited cell EMT, thus alleviating pulmonary fibrosis.
[Key words] Mitophagy    X-ray irradiation    Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)    Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF)         

放射性肺纤维化(radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, RIPF)是胸部放疗的严重并发症,是限制胸部照射剂量、降低肿瘤治疗效果的重要影响因素[1-2]。目前RIPF分子机制尚未明确,临床上缺乏有效的治疗措施[3]。因此,阐明RIPF的发生机制,对预防电离辐射造成的肺损伤非常重要。

RIPF的发病机制极其复杂,肺泡上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是其关键环节之一[4]。肺纤维化患者肺组织内肺泡上皮细胞发生EMT成为成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞,形成成纤维细胞灶,促进病程的发展[5]。因此,抑制上皮细胞EMT的发生是延缓肺纤维化病理进程的重要途经。

线粒体自噬与EMT密切相关[6]。Kurita等[7]发现,吡非尼酮通过增强PARK2表达激活线粒体自噬抑制肌成纤维细胞分化调控肺纤维化。PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬是线粒体自噬的经典途径之一[8]。PINK1/Parkin线粒体自噬可在低氧环境下清除缺氧诱导因子1,进而抑制EMT相关基因转录,并抑制转化生长因子β(TGF-β)/Smad信号通路,从而抑制EMT[9]。放射性肺纤维化可能是由于电离辐射改变了体内线粒体自噬水平的变化,从而促进或抑制EMT的发生发展。因此,对线粒体自噬与EMT关系的深入研究有助于找到RIPF治疗的新靶点。本研究旨在探究PINK1/Parkin线粒体自噬对人正常支气管上皮细胞系(Beas-2B)EMT的影响,及调控PINK1/Parkin线粒体自噬抑制Beas-2B细胞EMT机制。

材料与方法

1.细胞和试剂:Beas-2B细胞购自上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心;LHC-8培养基、胎牛血清、0.25%胰蛋白酶溶液、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)购自上海赛默斯科技有限公司;青/链霉素双抗、细胞/组织高效RIPA蛋白裂解液、二喹啉甲酸(BCA)蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、蛋白上样缓冲液购自北京Solarbio科技有限公司;GAPDH、PINK1、Parkin、Beclin1、p62、E-钙黏附素(E-cadherin,E-cad)、N-cad、CK19、波形蛋白(vimentin, Vim)抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;Lipofectamine®3000 Reagent购自美国Invitrogen公司;PcDNA-3.1-plasmid vector和PcDNA-3.1-PINK1购自上海赛默斯生物科技有限公司;活性氧(ROS)检测试剂盒、细胞线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)检测试剂盒(JC-1)购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司,其余相关试剂购于上海碧云天生物技术有限公司和中国医药上海化学试剂公司。

2.Beas-2B细胞的培养与分组:Beas-2B细胞在不含血清和双抗的LHC-8培养基中培养。放置于37℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱。将状态较好的Beas-2B细胞利用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化传代接种于6孔细胞培养板,放入培养箱培养。将细胞随机分为对照组、照射组(RI组)、空载组(RI+oeNC组)、PINK1过表达组(RI+oePINK1组)。当细胞生长密度达到60%~70%时,RI+oeNC组和RI+oePINK1组利用转染试剂Lipo3000分别转染PcDNA-3.1-plasmid vector和PcDNA-3.1-PINK1质粒。12 h后,将3组需照射细胞用6 MV X射线单次照射6 Gy,剂量率3 Gy/min,源靶距100 cm,继续培养48 h后进行后续处理。

3.Beas-2B形态学观察:分别在照射后0、12、24和48 h 4个时间点,应用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞的形态学变化。

4.细胞内ROS测定:细胞消化后,1 200 r/min,离心半径6.5 cm,离心5 min,按照ROS检测试剂盒说明书进行操作,阳性对照组加入阳性对照药溶液于37℃孵育20 min,采用流式细胞仪检测。

5.透射电镜观察:细胞1 000 r/min,离心半径6.5 cm,离心15 min后,弃上清,置于2.5%的戊二醛中固定24 h,乙醇梯度脱水,Epon812包埋,超薄切片,用JEM-1400型透射电镜观察并拍照。

6.质粒转化、提取与转染:利用感受态细胞DH-5α对质粒进行转化后,根据质粒提取试剂盒说明书进行质粒提取,并进行DNA浓度测定,保存至-20℃备用。转染时根据Lipofectamine 3000的说明书对细胞进行转染。

7.共聚焦检测:4%多聚甲醛于4℃固定30 min,PBS浸洗3次;0.1% Triton X-100 25℃渗透10 min,PBS洗涤3次;加500 μl快速免疫染色封闭液,室温封闭2 h后,PBS浸洗3次;随后,用相应抗体4℃孵育过夜;PBS浸洗3次,免疫荧光二抗,使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察并拍照。

8.Western blot检测:提取细胞总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度后,通过不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)进行分离,转移聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜,加入脱脂奶粉封闭孵育,加入一抗4℃过夜,洗膜。加入辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)偶联二抗摇床孵育2 h,洗膜,加入增强型化学发光(ECL)试剂,采用凝胶图像分析系统(美国Bio-Rad公司,Gel Doc EZ)进行分析。

9.统计学处理:采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对数据进行描述性分析,经检验符合正态分布,方差齐,采用x±s表示,不同处理组的组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.电离辐射后细胞形态学变化:照射后0 h,Beas-2B细胞为多边菱形、小椭圆形,细胞间紧密连接,排列很整齐,铺路石样形态生长,呈现典型的上皮细胞的形态结构特征;照射后12 h,细胞形态开始发生改变,细胞逐渐拉伸延长,细胞间联系逐渐疏松,排列逐渐散乱;照射后24和48 h,细胞形态变成长梭形纺锤样,细胞体积变大,排列极其散乱,细胞间联系疏松,极性消失,表现出典型的间质细胞的形态结构(图 1)。

图 1 X射线照射后不同时间诱导Beas-2B细胞形态学改变  ×100   A.  0 h;  B.   12 h;C. 24 h; D.   48 h Figure 1 Morphological changes of Beas-2B cells at different time after X-ray irradiation   ×100    A.   0 h;  B.   12 h;  C.   24 h;  D.   48 h

Western blot检测电离辐射后EMT相关蛋白含量变化,随着时间延长,E-cad和CK19表达显著降低(t = 6.06、3.58,P<0.05),N-cad和Vim表达显著升高(t = -21.49、-9.58,P<0.05,表 1图 2)。

表 1 X射线照射后不同时间肺泡上皮间质转化相关蛋白的表达(标准化比值,x±s) Table 1 Expressions of EMT-related proteins at different time after X-ray irradiation(standardized ratio, x±s)

图 2 Western blot检测X射线对肺泡上皮间质转化相关蛋白表达的影响 Figure 2 Western blot assay of the expression of EMT-related proteins after X-ray irradiation

2.电离辐射对细胞线粒体功能的影响:为检查电离辐射后细胞MMP的变化,利用JC-1探针进行染色。与0 h相比,照射后12 h细胞红色荧光明显减弱,绿色荧光明显增强,且随着照后时间的延长,红/绿荧光比值下降(图 3A)。采用TEM观测照后48 h细胞超微结构的变化,和0 h细胞相比,照射后48 h细胞形态向梭形转变;0 h细胞内可以观察到自噬溶酶体,而照射后48 h自噬溶酶体数量明显减少(图 3B)。

注: N.  细胞核; M.  线粒体 图 3 X射线照射对细胞线粒体膜电位(MMP)和线粒体自噬的影响  A.   JC1染色检测Beas-2B细胞MMP变化  ×100; B.   透射电镜观测X射线对线粒体自噬的影响 Figure 3 Influence of X-ray irradiation on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial autophagy in Beas-2B cells   A.   JC1 staining of MMP changes in Beas-2B cells   ×100;  B.   TEM images of mitochondrial autophagy in X-ray irradiated cells

3.电离辐射后线粒体自噬相关蛋白含量变化:与0 h相比,电离辐射后各组PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达均显著下降(t = 6.48、3.72、6.06,P<0.05),p62蛋白表达显著上升(t = -18.71,P<0.05,表 2图 4)。

表 2 X射线照射后不同时间细胞线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达(标准化比值,x±s) Table 2 Expressions of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins at different time after X-ray irradiation (standardized ratio, x±s)

图 4 X射线对细胞中线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达的影响 Figure 4 The effect of the expression of mitochondrial autophagy related proteins in cells after X-ray irradiation

4.过表达PINK1缓解线粒体功能损伤:过表达PINK1后进行免疫荧光染色,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察LC3和FN1蛋白的表达变化。LC3为绿色荧光,FN1为红色荧光,均集中于细胞质表达。与对照组相比,RI组LC3表达显著减弱(t =92.38,P<0.05),FN1表达显著增强(t = -230.96,P<0.05)。与RI组相比,照射并过表达PINK1组LC3表达增强(t = -342.54,P<0.05),FN1表达减弱(t = 88.01,P<0.05,图 5)。

注:a与对照组同一指标相比,t =92.38、-230.96、59.32、-132.88、-51.95、-218.63,P<0.05;b与RI组同一指标相比,t =-342.54、88.01,P<0.05 图 5 X射线照射后对细胞LC3、FN1表达和活性氧的影响  A.   LC3、FN1荧光图  ×400; B.   LC3、FN1平均荧光强度 Figure 5 Influence of X-ray irradiation on the expressions of LC3 and FN1 and ROS in Beas-2B cells   A. Fluorescence staining of LC3 and FN1 in cells   ×400;  B.   The average fluorescence intensity of LC3 and FN1

为明确电离辐射对线粒体功能及线粒体自噬的影响,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞内ROS的变化情况,对照组、RI组、RI+oePINK1组和RI+oeNC组ROS表达率分别为6.6%、74.1%、15.1%和55.4%。与对照组相比,RI组细胞内ROS含量显著增多(t = -37.08,P<0.05);与RI组相比,RI+oePINK1组ROS含量显著减低(t = 25.48,P<0.05)。

5.过表达PINK1促进Beas-2B细胞线粒体自噬:为了证实PINK1在调控线粒体自噬中的作用,通过转染技术过表达PINK1并检测线粒体自噬相关蛋白的变化。Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,RI组PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达显著降低,p62表达显著升高(t = 7.19、1.15、7.38、-92.28,P<0.05);与RI组相比,RI+ oePINK1组PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达水平均显著增加(t = -25.57、-8.76、-11.2,P<0.05),p62蛋白表达显著降低(t = 34.81,P<0.05,图 6表 3)。

注: 1.   对照组; 2.   RI组; 3.   +oePINK1组; 4.   RI+oeNC组 图 6 Western blot检测过表达PINK1对线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达的影响 Figure 6 Western blot analysis of the effect of PINK1 overexpression on the expressions of mitochondrial autophagy related proteins

表 3 过表达PINK1对各组细胞线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达的影响(标准化比值,x±s) Table 3 Influence of PINK1 overexpression on the expressions of mitochondrial autophagy related proteins expression in each group(standardized ratio, x±s)

6.过表达PINK1抑制Beas-2B细胞EMT:为进一步探究PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬对细胞EMT的作用,采用转染过表达PINK1后Western blot检测相关蛋白的表达变化。与对照组相比,RI组细胞中E-cad和CK19表达显著降低,N-cad和Vim表达显著升高(t = 7.13、7.71、-12.52、-57.55,P<0.05);与RI组相比,RI+oePINK1组细胞中E-cad和CK19表达显著增加,N-cad和Vim表达显著降低(t =-7.12、-7.64、12.04、67.92,P<0.05,表 4图 7)。

表 4 过表达PINK1对各组细胞EMT相关蛋白表达的影响(标准化比值,x±s) Table 4 Influence of PINK1 overexpression on the expressions of EMT-related proteins in each group(standardized ratio, x±s)

图 7 Western blot检测过表达PINK1对肺泡上皮间质转化相关蛋白表达的影响 Figure 7 Western blot analysis of the effect of PINK1 overexpression on the expressions of EMT-related proteins

讨论

放射治疗是治疗胸部恶性肿瘤的常规治疗手段之一,然而在放疗时,正常组织无法完全避免照射,会出现不同程度的损伤,可能引起放射性肺炎,严重者晚期可转变成RIPF。如何减少放射性肺炎的发生、抑制肺纤维化的发展,探索其发病机制是研究的重点[10]

大量研究表明,辐射会导致严重的肺泡上皮细胞损伤,进而促进肺纤维化的发生,损伤主要包括抑制肺泡上皮细胞的增殖、促进其凋亡、细胞周期阻滞以及诱发上皮细胞EMT等[11],因此了解放射诱发的EMT的作用机制已成为治疗肺纤维化的关键。在博来霉素(bleomycin,BLM)诱导的肺纤维化大鼠模型中,病理切片免疫组织化学染色显示上皮细胞标记物E-cad显著下调,间质细胞标志物波形蛋白、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)和胶原蛋白上调,说明EMT在促纤维化中发挥重要作用[12]。本研究利用6 Gy X射线照射人肺泡上皮细胞Beas-2B后,发现细胞形态发生显著变化,由不规则多边形转变为纺锤形,呈现上皮间质转化典型表象;Western blot结果证实E-cad和CK19表达显著降低,N-cad和Vim表达显著升高,表明X射线照射能够引起肺泡上皮细胞发生EMT,因此,抑制细胞EMT的发生可能为RIPF的治疗提供新的策略。

线粒体自噬异常可能通过激活内质网应激、影响线粒体动力代谢途径、诱导炎症反应促进EMT[13]。Zhao等[14]在子宫内膜纤维化中发现,miR-27a能够通过抑制PINK1影响线粒体自噬,最终促进转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)或H2O2诱导的EMT,敲低miR-27a可促进PINK1线粒体自噬,进而抑制EMT的发生。在LPS/H2O2诱导的人肺泡上皮细胞中,PINK1表达下调,而胸腺肽β4(thymosin β4,Tβ4)可上调PINK1表达,并抑制NLRP3和IL-1β表达,提示线粒体自噬增强可改善肺纤维化[15]。在BLM诱导的MUTYH敲除小鼠中,PINK1表达上调,线粒体自噬水平增加,α-SMA与Vim表达减弱,而E-cad表达增强,说明线粒体自噬增强可能抑制EMT,减轻肺纤维化[16]。上述研究表明,调节线粒体自噬水平进而抑制EMT进程是治疗IPF的重要方案之一,但线粒体自噬水平受多种因素的影响,其在RIPF中抑制EMT的具体机制尚待深入研究。本研究检测X射线照射Beas-2B细胞后其线粒体自噬相关蛋白的变化证实,照射后PINK1、Parkin和Beclin1蛋白表达水平均显著下降,p62蛋白表达显著上升;JC-1染色结果和TEM结果也证实照射细胞后48 h自噬溶酶体数量显著减少,细胞形态变成长梭形纺锤样,表明照射后PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬减弱。

因此,通过促进线粒体自噬抑制EMT或可成为改善肺纤维化的有效策略。激活线粒体自噬能显著改善BLM诱导肺纤维化,并改善纤维化组织局部炎症状况,线粒体自噬不足促进上皮细胞的衰老和EMT[17]。近年研究表明,PINK1/Parkin是一种重要的促纤维化介质,其介导的线粒体自噬可上调EMT相关指标,促进心/肝/肾纤维化的发生[18-19]。本研究采用PINK1基因过表达技术,调控PINK1/Parkin线粒体自噬的发生,进一步探讨其对EMT的调控作用。Western blot结果显示,PINK1过表达之后,PINK1、Parkin、Beclin1的表达上调,p62下调,说明PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬增强;同时,PINK1的过表达增强了E-cad及CK19的表达,而减弱了N-cad和Vim的表达,说明EMT减弱。免疫荧光结果也证实PINK1的过表达增强了LC3的表达,减弱了FN1的表达,流式结果也表明PINK1的过表达显著减低ROS水平。以上结果表明,PINK1介导的线粒体自噬增强可抑制X射线照射诱导的Beas-2B细胞EMT。

综上,本研究证实X射线照射促进Beas-2B细胞EMT并损害其线粒体功能,减弱PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬;而过表达PINK1蛋白可有效抑制Beas-2B细胞EMT进程。本研究结果提示PINK1蛋白具有抑制EMT进而调节RIPF的作用,丰富了线粒体自噬影响辐射诱导EMT和放射性肺纤维化的分子机制内容,对于是否具有治疗靶点的作用还需进一步深入研究。

利益冲突  无

作者贡献声明  丁高峰、段青可负责实验设计、实验操作、数据整理、论文撰写;王雯协助部分实验和论文整理;陆寓非指导实验设计和论文修改

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