中华放射医学与防护杂志  2023, Vol. 43 Issue (12): 974-978   PDF    
基于倾向性评分匹配分析血小板淋巴细胞比值对食管癌患者预后的预测价值
王菁 , 成超 , 贾雪丽 , 张福丽 , 李杰     
山西省肿瘤医院 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院山西医院 山西医科大学附属肿瘤医院放射治疗科, 太原 030013
[摘要] 目的 采用倾向性评分匹配分析法探讨血小板淋巴细胞比值(PLR)对食管癌患者预后的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年12月在山西省肿瘤医院收治的272例食管癌患者的临床资料。通过约登指数确定PLR最佳临界值。根据临界值将患者分为高PLR组和低PLR组, 应用倾向性评分匹配(PSM)分析降低患者选择偏倚。采用单因素与多因素Cox回归分析患者的预后因素。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-Rank检验。结果 Cox单因素分析显示性别、吸烟史、TNM分期、体质量指数(BMI)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、系统免疫炎症指数(SII)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)和PLR与食管癌患者预后相关(χ2=6.63、7.08、30.38、10.40、12.95、13.21、4.52、4.06、7.77, P < 0.05)。PLR最佳临界值为159.93。倾向性评分匹配前高PLR组103例, 低PLR组169例, SII和LMR有统计学意义(χ2=52.23、13.51, P < 0.05)。倾向性评分匹配后, 高PLR组62例, 低PLR组62例, 两组的预后相关指标之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 具有可比性。Cox多因素分析显示, 倾向性评分匹配前后, TNM分期、BMI、CEA和PLR均为食管癌患者预后的独立危险因素。高PLR组食管癌患者的生存期明显短于低PLR组(χ2=3.29, P < 0.05)。结论 PLR对评估食管癌患者预后具有重要价值, PLR越高, 生存期越短。针对PLR开展个体化干预, 或许对改善患者预后有积极作用。
[关键词] 食管肿瘤    血小板淋巴细胞比值    预后    
Exploring the prognostic value of platelet-lymphocyte ratios for esophageal cancer patients based on propensity score matching
Wang Jing , Cheng Chao , Jia Xueli , Zhang Fuli , Li Jie     
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the prognostic value of platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for esophageal cancer patients based on propensity score matching. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 272 esophageal cancer patients in Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. The optimal cut-off value of PLR, which was determined using the Youden index, was used to classify patients into high- and low-PLR groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to reduce the selection bias of patients. The prognostic factors were analyzed through univariate and multivariate Cox regression. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-Rank test were adopted for survival analysis. Results Cox univariate analysis shows that prognosis of esophageal cancer patients was related to gender, smoking history, TNM stage, body mass index (BMI), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) and PLR (χ2=6.63, 7.08, 30.38, 10.40, 12.95, 13.21, 4.52, 4.06, 7.77, P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off value of PLR was 159.93. Before PSM, there existed statistically significant differences in SII and LMR between the high-PLR (n = 103) and low-PLR groups (n = 169) (χ2=52.23, 3.51, P < 0.05). After PSM, there existed no statistical difference in prognostic indicators between the high-PLR (n=62) and low-PLR groups (n=62), suggesting that both groups were comparable. As revealed by Cox multivariate analysis, TNM stage, BMI, CEA, and PLR were independent risk factors for the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients both before and after PSM. The survival time of patients in the high-PLR group was significantly shorter than that in the low-PLR group (χ2=3.29, P < 0.05). Conclusions PLR hold critical value in evaluating the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. A higher PLR is associated with a shorter survival time. Individualized intervention for PLR may play a positive role in improving the prognosis of patients.
[Key words] Esophageal neoplasms    Platelet-lymphocyte ratio    Prognosis    

食管癌是中国常见胸部恶性肿瘤之一,恶性度较高。虽然其治疗模式已从单一向多模式转变,但是其5年生存率仅为23.2%[1]。TNM分期和癌胚抗原(CEA)是当前食管癌预后评估较为有效指标[2-4],然而仍做不到精准预测[5-7]。在相同分期和CEA表达状态时,食管癌患者生存期存在差异,需要继续寻找有效预后评估指标。

炎性细胞是构成肿瘤微环境重要部分,某些炎性细胞的改变与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭及迁移密切相关[8]。血小板和淋巴细胞比值(PLR)是有效反映全身炎症反应的指标之一,其升高与恶性肿瘤患者的预后密切相关[9-12]。本研究旨在应用倾向性评分匹配分析PLR对食管癌患者预后的影响。

资料与方法

1.研究对象:收集山西省肿瘤医院2012年1月至2018年12月间收治的经病理学确诊的272例食管癌患者的临床相关资料。入选标准:年龄18~85岁;初治;无手术治疗史;接受放疗和化疗;美国东部肿瘤协作组评分0~2分。排除标准:继发或复发的食管癌患者;伴随第二原发恶性肿瘤;伴随有其他严重疾病;无法进行随访者;资料不完整者。对患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、家族史、病理分型、肿瘤部位、TNM分期、体质量指数(BMI)、实验室检查结果(中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板计数)、CEA等资料进行收集。

2.治疗方法:所有患者均采用直线加速器6 MV X射线调强放疗技术。食管病灶、转移淋巴结及相应淋巴引流区放疗DT 50.4~60.0 Gy,1.8~2.0 Gy/次,1次/d,每周5次。正常器官限量:同步放化疗,双肺V20≤25%;序贯放化疗V20 ≤28%,心脏V30≤40%,脊髓≤45 Gy。

同步化疗:食管癌患者放疗同期接受1~2个周期紫杉醇联合顺铂/卡铂方案全身化疗(紫杉醇135 mg/m2,d1+顺铂75 mg/m2,d1)。同步放化疗患者210例;序贯放化疗患者62例。

3.随访:放化疗结束后对患者进行随访。主要通过住院、门诊复查及电话回访等方式进行。明确患者生存状态。随访截止时间2019年12月。总生存期定义为自确诊食管癌至患者死亡或随访截止时间。

4.统计学处理:采用SPSS 25.0和R 4.0.3软件对患者资料进行统计学分析。采用Cox比例风险回归模型进行单因素和多因素分析食管癌患者预后的相关因素。将通过Cox单因素筛选出的食管癌患者预后相关协变量包括性别、吸烟史、TNM分期、BMI、CEA、系统免疫炎症指数(SII)、淋巴细胞与单核细胞比值(LMR)和血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)纳入logistic回归模型,计算得到相应的倾向性评分。对高PLR组和低PLR组食管癌患者进行1∶1匹配,卡钳值取0.2。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-Rank检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1. 患者临床特征:根据美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)/国际抗癌联盟(UICC)第8版食管癌分期,对患者进行分期。本研究按照实际情况将年龄、BMI和CEA进行分组。年龄:青、中年人≤59岁、老年人≥60岁;BMI:低体重<18.5 kg/m2、18.5≤正常<24.0 kg/m2、超重和肥胖≥24.0 kg/m2;CEA<5 ug/L。在治疗前1周内,抽取患者外周静脉血。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)=中性粒细胞计数(×109/L)/淋巴细胞计数(×109/L);PLR=血小板计数(×109/L)/淋巴细胞计数(×109/L);SII= [中性粒细胞计数(×109/L)×血小板计数(×109/L)]/淋巴细胞计数(×109/L);LMR=淋巴细胞计数(×109/L)/单核细胞计数(×109/L)。根据约登指数确定PLR最佳临界值为159.93,NLR为1.57,SII为390.70,LMR为6.10。Cox单因素分析显示性别、吸烟史、TNM分期、BMI、CEA、SII、LMR和PLR与患者预后相关(χ2=6.63、7.08、30.38、10.40、12.95、13.21、4.52、4.06、7.77,P<0.05,表 1)。

表 1 272例食管癌患者临床特征和预后的单因素分析 Table 1 Clinical features and prognostic univariate analysis of 272 esophageal cancer patients

2.倾向性评分匹配前后患者预后相关因素比较:将Cox单因素分析筛选出的患者预后相关因素进行倾向性评分匹配分析。倾向性评分匹配前低PLR组患者169例,高PLR组患者103例,两组间SII和LMR有统计学意义(χ2=52.23、13.51,P<0.05);倾向性评分匹配后,低PLR组和高PLR组分别有62例患者,所有预后相关指标之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

3.倾向性评分匹配前后患者预后相关因素的多因素分析:倾向性评分匹配前Cox多因素分析结果显示,吸烟史、TNM分期、BMI、CEA和PLR均与患者预后相关(χ2=4.71、25.39、5.57、5.38、11.98、7.31,P<0.05)。倾向性评分匹配后Cox多因素分析结果示TNM分期、BMI、CEA和PLR仍与患者预后密切相关(χ2=24.36、5.26、4.89、11.97、4.95,P<0.05)。较差的TNM分期、高CEA水平和高PLR预示患者生存期短,而高BMI则预示患者生存期好于低BMI者。

4.272例患者高PLR和低PLR组生存曲线:高PLR组患者总生存期明显短于低PLR组(χ2=3.29,P<0.05)。高PLR组和低PLR组患者平均生存期分别为25和36个月(图 1)。

图 1 272例食管癌患者高PLR和低PLR组生存曲线 Figure 1 Survival curves of 272 esophageal cancer patients in high- and low-PLR groups

讨论

全世界约有20%的恶性肿瘤是由慢性炎症引起[13]。炎症与肿瘤的发生发展、血管生成及远处转移密切相关[8, 13]。PLR是血小板和淋巴细胞的比值,可作为反应机体炎症程度的替代指标。血小板数目增多或淋巴细胞数目减少可致PLR值增高。

血小板数目增多与恶性肿瘤不良预后相关。恶性肿瘤细胞释放组织因子将血小板激活。激活的血小板一方面通过整合素、纤维蛋白和P-选择素等分子与肿瘤细胞表面结合,形成血小板膜,包绕肿瘤细胞,使其免受免疫系统攻击[14-15];另一方面则传递抑制性受体PD-L1至肿瘤细胞,保护其免受T和NK细胞攻击[16-17]。同时,血小板与肿瘤细胞接触后还可激活NF-κB通路,诱导促进转移基因表达[18]

淋巴细胞是机体免疫微环境的重要组成部分,尤其是肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL),它是CD8+和CD4+细胞的混合物,对肿瘤细胞可以产生高特异性免疫应答[19]。同时淋巴细胞在抗肿瘤免疫反应和肿瘤免疫监测中起着关键作用[20]。淋巴细胞的减少提示机体抗肿瘤免疫功能降低,与恶性肿瘤患者不良预后有关[21-22]

目前相关研究报道PLR与多种实体肿瘤预后不良关系密切[23-25],然而,对食管癌预后的影响尚需在排除混杂因素的基础上进一步明确。本研究通过对272例食管癌患者预后相关因素的Cox回归分析发现治疗前TNM分期、BMI、CEA和PLR均是食管癌独立预后因素。TNM分期和CEA在多种恶性肿瘤,包括食管癌的诊断和预后监测方面具有重要意义[26-27]。BMI则是临床常用的营养评估指标,其对食管癌预后有一定指导作用[28]。Gu等[28]研究显示BMI处于正常体重、超重或肥胖患者时的预后明显优于BMI处于低体重者。鉴于TNM分期、CEA和BMI与食管癌预后关系较明确,将PLR作为主要预测指标,混杂因素较多。因此本研究将食管癌患者根据最佳临界值159.93分为高PLR组和低PLR组。通过倾向性评分匹配的方法,降低患者的选择偏倚,排除混杂因素,将预测的准确性进一步提高。结果显示,倾向性评分匹配后PLR仍是预测食管癌预后的独立危险因素。PLR值越高,预后越差。

本研究是单一中心回顾性分析,存在一定局限性,未来尚需开展大规模前瞻性研究。

提高对食管癌患者血小板和淋巴细胞数目的关注,开展个体化干预,或许对改善食管癌患者预后有积极作用。PLR获取方便且成本较低,益于临床推广。

利益冲突  无

作者贡献声明  王菁负责研究设计、数据采集分析和论文撰写; 成超、贾雪丽、张福丽负责临床资料收集、随访和数据分析; 李杰指导论文修改

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