中华放射医学与防护杂志  2023, Vol. 43 Issue (11): 866-872   PDF    
直肠癌新辅助同步加量调强放疗对侧方淋巴结转移的影响
沈锦霞1 , 杜德希2 , 何慧娟3 , 徐辛敏1 , 李明1 , 周真珍1 , 丁叔波1     
1. 浙江大学金华医院 金华市中心医院放疗科,金华 321000;
2. 丽水市中心医院放疗科,丽水 323020;
3. 衢州市人民医院放疗科,衢州 324002
[摘要] 目的 在侧方淋巴结转移的直肠癌中, 评估侧方淋巴结加量放疗的疗效及安全性。方法 2016年1月至2022年12月入组103例合并侧方淋巴结转移的直肠癌患者, 按随机数表法分为加量放疗组52例和常规放疗组51例。加量放疗组在盆腔放疗50 Gy的基础上, 侧方淋巴结同步加量放疗至60 Gy。常规放疗仅盆腔放疗剂量50 Gy。研究首要终点为侧方复发率, 比较两组的疗效及不良反应。结果 加量放疗组和常规放疗组新辅助放疗的不良反应及手术并发症相仿, 侧方淋巴结治疗有效率分别为76.9%和56.9%(χ2=4.69, P=0.03), 局部复发率分别为7.7%和25.5%(χ2= 5.92, P = 0.015), 侧方复发率分别为3.8%和23.5%(χ2= 8.49, P = 0.004)。单因素分析显示, 同步加量放疗、放疗后侧方淋巴结短径 < 5 mm以及术后淋巴结病理阴性为侧方复发相关因素; 多因素回归分析显示, 加量放疗(HR=6.42, 95% CI: 1.40~29.49)及放疗后侧方淋巴结短径 < 5 mm(HR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.04~0.66)为侧方复发的独立相关因素。两组3年无病生存率(DFS)分别为73.25%和62.6%(P>0.05), 3年总生存率(OS)分别为87%和82.5%(P>0.05)。结论 侧方淋巴结转移直肠癌同步加量放疗安全有效, 加量放疗和新辅助治疗后侧方淋巴结短径 < 5 mm是侧方复发的独立影响因素。
[关键词] 直肠癌    淋巴结转移    加量放疗    复发    
Effect of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy on lateral lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer
Shen Jinxia1 , Du Dexi2 , He Huijuan3 , Xu Xinmin1 , Li Ming1 , Zhou Zhenzhen1 , Ding Shubo1     
1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University Jinhua Hospital, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua 321000, China;
2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui 323020, China;
3. Department of Radiation Oncology, People′s Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy (SIB-IMRT) for rectal cancer with lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM). Methods From January 2016 to December 2022, 103 rectal cancer patients with LLNM were enrolled.The patients were divided into SIB-IMRT group (52 cases) and conventional chemoradiotherapy (CRT) group (51 cases) using the random number table method.The dose was 50 Gy for the pelvis with 60 Gy of SIB-IMRT for the LLNM in the SIB-IMRT group.The dose was 50 Gy for the pelvis in the CRT group.The primary endpoint was the lateral recurrence rate.The efficacy and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. Results The adverse reactions and surgical complications after neoadjuvant radiotherapy were comparable between the two groups.The response rates of LLNM treatment were 76.9% and 56.9%, respectively, in the two groups (χ2=4.69, P=0.03).The SIB-IMRT group and CRT group had a local recurrence rate of 7.7% and 25.5%(χ2=5.92, P=0.015), respectively, and a lateral recurrence rate of 3.8% and 23.5%(χ2=8.49, P=0.004), respectively.Univariate analysis showed that the SIB-IMRT, short axis of lateral lymph nodes < 5 mm after radiotherapy, and negative result in the postoperative lymph node pathological examination were factors associated with lateral recurrence.Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that the SIB-IMRT (HR=6.42, 95%CI: 1.40-29.49) and short axis of lateral lymph nodes < 5 mm after radiotherapy (HR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.04-0.66) were independent factors associated with lateral recurrence.The two groups had a 3-year disease-free survival of 73.25% and 62.6%(P>0.05), respectively, and a 3-year overall survival of 87% and 82.5%(P>0.05), respectively. Conclusions The SIB-IMRT is safe and effective for rectal cancer with LLNM.The short axis of lateral lymph nodes < 5 mm after neoadjuvant radiotherapy and SIB-IMRT is an independent risk factor for lateral recurrence.
[Key words] Rectal cancer    Lateral lymph node metastasis    Simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy    Lateral recurrence    

局部晚期直肠癌中,10%~25%存在侧方淋巴结转移(lateral pelvic lymph node metastases, LLNM),LLNM是直肠癌不良预后因素,局部复发及远处转移均明显高于无侧方淋巴结转移患者。东西方国家对侧方淋巴结转移处理存在较大的差异,日本研究显示,腹膜返折以下直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移概率为20.1%,有侧方淋巴结转移患者进行侧方清扫与无侧方淋巴结转移患者的预后相似,侧方淋巴结清扫可以降低50%盆腔复发率,提高5年生存率8%~9%[1-2]。因此,日本指南对腹膜返折以下、cT3以上直肠癌患者推荐常规行侧方淋巴结清扫。欧美等指南认为侧方淋巴结转移率低,侧方淋巴结清扫困难,出血量大,手术时间长,术后并发症多,对合并LLNM患者推荐新辅助放疗后全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision, TME)[3]。研究显示,直肠癌常规新辅助放化疗TME术后侧方复发占盆腔局部失败的54.0%~82.7%[4-5]。LLNM患者即使行新辅助放化疗,侧方复发率高达33.3%~35.7%[6-7]。侧方复发为直肠癌新辅助放化疗后主要局部失败因素,常规新辅助放化疗对LLNM疗效不足。调强放疗可以实现对肿瘤区域同步加量放疗,直肠癌局部加量放疗可以提高病理降期率和疗效,且安全性好[8-9]。本研究拟比较同步加量调强放疗与常规放疗对LLNM直肠癌预后的影响,为直肠癌LLNM提供新的治疗策略。

资料与方法

1.一般资料:前瞻性入组2016年1月至2022年12月共103例初治直肠癌患者。其中,金华市中心医院入组70例,丽水市中心医院入组18例,衢州市人民医院入组15例。入组标准:病灶下缘距肛缘10 cm以内的直肠腺癌;按美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)第7版结直肠癌分期为T3/T4或N+M0;髂内、闭孔、髂外至少有一处淋巴结,并且短径≥5 mm;年龄18~75岁;美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)评分0~2分;肝肾功能、血常规正常。排除标准:不可控制的内科疾病,妊娠及哺乳者;慢性腹泻或炎性肠病患者;对卡培他滨药物过敏者;过去5年有除皮肤基底细胞癌外的恶性肿瘤病史者。

103例患者按随机数表法分为同步加量调强放疗组(下简称加量放疗组)52例和常规放疗组51例,两组患者年龄、ECOG评分、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离、分期及LLNM的状态等基线差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1。所有患者均签署知情同意书,本试验经医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:2016-46)。

表 1 入组患者临床特征 Table 1 Clinical characteristics of all patients

2. 治疗方案

(1) 放射治疗:靶区勾画如下,肿瘤体积(gross tumor volume, GTVp)定义为直肠原发性病灶和直肠系膜内转移淋巴结,GTVnd为侧方转移淋巴结,PGTVnd=GTVnd+5 mm;临床靶区(clinical target volume, CTV)包含GTVp、PGTVnd、直肠系膜区、骶前、髂内和闭孔淋巴引流区。CTV左右、腹背方向外放0.6 cm,头足方向外放0.8 cm形成计划靶区(planning target volume, PTV)。加量放疗组处方剂量95%PGTVnd=60 Gy,2.4 Gy/次,95% PTV=50 Gy,2 Gy/次,共25次;常规放疗组处方剂量95%PTV= 50 Gy,2 Gy/次,共25次。正常器官剂量限制,膀胱V50≤50%,小肠V35≤180 cm3V40≤100 cm3V45≤65 cm3V50=0,股骨头V50≤5%。

(2) 同步化疗:卡培他滨片825 mg/m2,2次/d,5 d/周,共5周。手术于放化疗结束后6~8周进行,两组均未行侧方淋巴结清扫,术后两组均接受6个周期的CAPOX方案(奥沙利铂130 mg/m2,静脉滴注,第1天;卡培他滨2 000 mg·m-2·d-1,分2次口服,持续14 d,休息1周,每3周重复)辅助化疗。

3.样本量计算:以侧方复发率为研究的首要终点,研究显示,LLNM直肠癌新辅助常规放疗后侧方复发率为33.3%~35.7%[7-8],无LLNM直肠癌常规放疗术后局部复发率在10%左右,据各参加单位既往统计数据,侧方复发率约为30%,假定存在LLNM直肠癌常规放疗后侧方复发率为33.0%,加量放疗后侧方复发率下降至10%,在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类错误分别为5%(α=0.05)和20%(β=0.20)的情况下,按脱落率为10%计算,共需102例患者,加量放疗组与常规放疗组各51例。实际加量放疗组入组患者52例,常规放疗组入组患者51例。

4.观察指标:新辅助治疗不良反应按国际常见不良反应标准第4版[10](CTC 4.0)进行分级。比较两组手术难度及围手术期并发症。术后病理降期按Ryan等[11]提出肿瘤退缩分级(TRG)系统:0级:完全退缩;1级:接近完全退缩;2级:部分退缩;3级:退缩不良或无退缩。LLNM有效定义为新辅助治疗后侧方淋巴结短径<5 mm,多个LLNM治疗后有效定义为所有LLNM治疗后短径均<5 mm。前2年每3个月随访一次,后3年每6个月随访一次,5年后每年随访一次。随访包括体格检查、血液检查、血清癌胚抗原水平、胸部、腹部/骨盆CT检查,截止时间为2022年12月30日。

以侧方复发率为研究主要终点,总生存率、无病生存率、手术并发症、手术及住院时间为次要终点。总生存(overall survival, OS)期定义为从放射治疗开始至末次随访或死亡的时间。无病生存期(disease-free survival)定义为从放射治疗到出现局部复发或转移,或因任何原因而死亡的时间。侧方复发(lateral local recurrence, LLR)定义为髂内、闭孔或髂外淋巴结复发(放疗前侧方淋巴结短径≥5 mm,治疗后<5 mm,随访过程中增大并短径≥5 mm;或侧方出现新的短径≥5 mm淋巴结;或侧方出现新的转移病灶)。局部复发(local recurrence, LR)定义为侧方、骶前、吻合口、肠系膜内或会阴复发。

5.统计学处理:使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。分类变量以例(%)描述,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法;连续型变量如满足正态分布,采用独立样本t检验,反之采用秩和检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法, 单因素分析采用Log-rank检验进行, 多因素分析采用COX比例风险回归模型进行。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.不良反应:两组均完成预定盆腔放疗,加量放疗组3例(5.8%)患者因腹泻调整化疗剂量,常规放疗组2例(3.9%)患者因腹泻调整化疗剂量。新辅助放化疗3~4级不良反应:加量放疗组和常规放疗组骨髓抑制分别为9.6%和5.9%,放射性肠炎分别为11.5%和7.8%,放射性皮炎分别为3.8%和2.0%,总体不良反分别为25%和15.7%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

2.手术及术后并发症情况:加量放疗组和常规放疗组接受Dixon术分别为53.8%和60.8%,Miles术分别为40.4%和35.3%,Hartman术分别为5.8%和3.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术时间分别为(196.33±5.44)和(202.00±5.74)min,术中中位出血量分别为82及79 ml,住院中位时间分别为11及9.5 d,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后感染分别为9.62% 和5.88%,吻合口瘘分别为5.77% 和1.96%,吻合口狭窄分别为7.69% 和3.92%,肠梗阻分别为9.62%和3.92%,术后并发症差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。侧方淋巴结治疗有效率分别为76.9%和56.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.69,P=0.03)。病理完全缓解率分别为15.4%和15.7%,术后完成6周期辅助化疗比率分别为38.5%和41.2%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

3.疗效评估:截至2022年12月30日,随访时间6.5~70.5个月,中位随访时间37个月,无失访病例。加量放疗组和常规放疗组LR分别为7.7%和25.5%(χ2=5.92,P=0.015),LLR分别为3.8%和23.5%(χ2=8.49,P=0.004)。单因素分析显示,是否加量放疗、放疗后侧方淋巴结短径是否<5 mm以及术后淋巴结病理为LLR相关因素,见表 2。COX多因素回归分析显示,是否加量

表 2 103例局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗后侧方复发Log-rank单因素分析 Table 2 Log-rank univariate analysis of lateral recurrence after neoadjuvant therapy for 103 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer

放疗(HR=6.42, 95%CI: 1.40~29.49)及放疗后侧方淋巴结短径是否<5 mm(HR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.04~0.66)为侧方复发的独立相关因素。3年OS分别为87%和82.5%(P>0.05),3年DFS分别为73.25%和62.6%(P>0.05)。

讨论

LLNM诊断多以磁共振(MR)侧方淋巴结短径≥5~10 mm作为标准,但最佳阈值尚有争议。Hatano等[12]病理与MR影像对照发现,预测髂内和闭孔LLNM短径阈值分别为5.0及4.8 mm。Ogawa等[13]研究显示,以5 mm为阈值时,判断LLNM的曲线下面积值显著优于10 mm。本研究采用侧方淋巴结短径≥5 mm为LLNM阈值。FOWARC研究后续分析显示,与新辅助化疗相比,新辅助放化疗的LLR更低(6.6% vs. 13.0%,P=0.051)[14]。但是存在LLNM患者新辅助放疗后LLR达22.6%,临床LLNM患者中34.9%的患者新辅助放化疗后淋巴结≥5 mm,其中63.3%出现LLR。Ogura等[15]荟萃分析结果显示,常规新辅助放化疗联合TME手术,LLR明显高于新辅助放化疗联合TME手术及盆腔外侧淋巴结清扫术(LLND),分别为19.5%和5.7%(P=0.042)。Zhou等[16]及Ohue等[17]研究也显示,常规新辅助放化疗未能改善LLNM的预后,LLR是常规新辅助放化疗后主要的局部失败因素,常规新辅助放化疗/化疗对LLNM治疗强度均不足。本研究中,常规新辅助放疗LR与LLR分别为25.5%和23.5%,加量放疗分别为7.7%和3.8%,加量放疗较常规放疗LR/LLR有明显下降,与无LLNM直肠癌新辅助治疗疗效相仿,加量放疗对侧方淋巴结有明显的抑制作用。

直肠癌LLNM局部加量放疗研究不多,Pang等[18]研究显示,侧方淋巴结同步加量(56~58 Gy) 放疗侧方淋巴结有效率为72.9%,低于本研究中的76.9%,可能与局部加量放疗剂量及入组患者差异相关,加量放疗侧方复发与局部复发均为2.3%,而常规放疗均为20.4%,加量放疗提高了局部与侧方控制率,本研究结果与其相近。不良反应方面,加量放疗组3~4级骨髓抑制发生率为9.6%,3~4级放射性肠炎为11.5%,与常规放疗组相比均无明显差异。Pang等[18]研究显示,3~4级骨髓抑制及放射性肠炎均为10.4%,较本研究稍高,加量放疗组总体3~4级不良反应与常规放疗无明显差异。Geng等[19]侧方淋巴结同步加量研究显示,2年随访期间未见侧方复发病例,肠梗阻发生率为5.8%,吻合口瘘为1.9%,感染发生率3.8%,比本研究稍低,可能与Geng等[19]采用的更低的放疗剂量及分割方式(盆腔剂量41.8 Gy/22次,侧方淋巴结加量放疗56~60 Gy/22次)有关。本研究中,围手术期不良反应与既往直肠癌常规放疗研究相仿,同步加量放疗不良反应可接受,未增加治疗不良事件。Meldolesi等[20]研究显示,侧方加量放疗不仅改善了患者的局部控制,而且提高了患者的生存率。本研究COX多因素分析显示,局部加量放疗与新辅助治疗后侧方淋巴结<5 mm是侧方复发的独立因素,尽管加量放疗未明显改善3年无病生存及总生存,但加量放疗可以提高患者侧方及局部控制率,改善患者预后。

新辅助放疗后侧方淋巴结退缩程度与预后明显相关[21]。Cribb等[22]认为新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结短径>5 mm与侧方复发相关,Malakorn等[23]研究显示,新辅助治疗后侧方淋巴结短径<5 mm者无一例出现侧方复发。Atef等[24]的荟萃分析研究显示,常规新辅助放疗后侧方淋巴结治疗有效的病理阳性率为0~20.4%,而无效患者侧方淋巴结病理阳性率为25%~83.3%。新辅助治疗后侧方淋巴结的状态对是否进行侧方淋巴结清扫有很好地指导作用,直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫手术难度、术后并发症等原因,基层单位开展的不多。结合本研究结果,侧方加量放疗侧方淋巴结有效率明显高于常规放疗组,加量放疗局部复发率与无LLNM患者相仿,退缩明显患者可选择不进行侧方淋巴结清扫,从而避免了LLND带来的不良反应。

总之,对于侧方淋巴结转移直肠癌,新辅助同步加量放疗安全可行,侧方淋巴结有效率高,局部与侧方复发较常规放疗明显下降,与无侧方淋巴结转移直肠癌预后相仿,新辅助放疗后侧方淋巴结退缩情况可作为是否进行侧方淋巴结清扫的参考。本研究存在以下局限性,所有患者均未行侧方淋巴结清扫,影像与病理无法相互对比; 本研究采用侧方淋巴结短径≥5 mm为转移诊断标准,未采用其他如7~8 mm等诊断标准,可能有一定的假阳性率,结合淋巴结形态、边界、均质性等特征有望提高准确性[25];随访时间偏短,加量放疗的疗效及晚期不良反应需进一步随访。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

志谢 感谢金华市中心医院科教处徐颖对本研究统计部分进行审核及指导

作者贡献声明  沈锦霞、周真珍负责数据整理、统计分析、论文撰写;杜德希、何慧娟、丁叔波提出研究思路、设计研究方案;徐辛敏、李明收集数据

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