中华放射医学与防护杂志  2021, Vol. 41 Issue (5): 346-352   PDF    
淋巴结转移率对Ⅲ期胃癌术后辅助放疗疗效的评估作用
李良 , 谢家存 , 王志斌 , 梁恒坡 , 吴广银     
河南省人民医院, 郑州大学人民医院, 河南大学人民医院肿瘤中心, 郑州 450003
[摘要] 目的 探讨淋巴结转移率(MLR)对淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者(不含食管胃结合部癌)接受术后辅助放疗疗效的评估作用。方法 严格按照纳入与排除标准,从美国SEER癌症数据库中纳入2010—2016年确诊的淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期非食管胃结合部胃癌患者590例,其中,接受胃癌手术联合辅助化疗的患者291例(手术+化疗组),接受胃癌手术联合辅助放化疗的患者299例(手术+放化疗组),对两组患者采用1 ∶1倾向得分匹配(PSM),回顾性分析MLR对淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者预后影响,并评估不同MLR患者选择术后辅助放疗的意义。结果 根据受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的分析结果,将0.5定为MLR的截点值。在纳入研究的两组Ⅲ期胃癌患者中,手术+放化疗组中位生存期为23个月,1、3、5年的总生存(OS)率分别为77.1%、33.2%和22.8%。手术+化疗组中位生存期为21个月,1、3、5年的OS率分别为72.2%、33.6%和23.1%,但两组患者的OS差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。亚组分析发现,MLR≤0.5患者中手术+放化疗组与手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),而MLR>0.5患者中手术+放化疗组的OS明显优于手术+化疗组(χ2=8.542,P < 0.05)。PSM前多因素Cox回归分析显示,种族、T、N分期、MLR和辅助放疗是影响淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者OS的重要因素(Wald=8.544、7.547、10.925、18.047、10.715,P < 0.05)。两组Ⅲ期胃癌患者经PSM后分析发现,手术+放化疗组和手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),其中MLR≤0.5患者中手术+放化疗组与手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),MLR>0.5患者中手术+放化疗组的OS明显优于手术+化疗组(χ2=6.944,P < 0.05)。PSM后多因素Cox回归分析显示,种族、T、N分期、MLR和辅助放疗是影响淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者OS的重要因素(Wald=7.154、8.023、7.744、17.016、4.149,P < 0.05)。两组Ⅲ期胃癌患者PSM前后的预后分析结果相符。结论 MLR是淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌术后患者预后的重要影响因素。MLR≤0.5患者的OS未见从术后辅助放疗中获益,而MLR > 0.5患者则建议接受术后辅助放疗以期改善预后。
[关键词] 淋巴结转移率    Ⅲ期胃癌    术后辅助放疗    预后    
Effect of metastatic lymph node ratio on the prognosis of adjuvant radiotherapy for stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients
Li Liang , Xie Jiacun , Wang Zhibin , Liang Hengpo , Wu Guangyin     
Department of Cancer Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of metastatic lymph node ratio (MLR) on the prognosis of adjuvant radiotherapy for stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients with no more than 15 lymph nodes dissection. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 590 patients diagnosed with stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer (excluding adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction) were included in this study from the SEER database between 2010 and 2016. No more than 15 lymph nodes were examined in all patients. Among them, 291 patients received surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy (surgery + chemotherapy group), and 299 patients received surgery combined with adjuvant radiochemotherapy (surgery + radiochemotherapy group). These two groups were treated with 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). We retrospectively analyzed the effect of MLR on prognosis of stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients with no more than 15 lymph nodes dissection, and evaluated the significance of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy among patients with different MLR. Results According to the analysis result of area under curve (ROC), 0.5 was defined as the best cut-off point of MLR. In the two groups of patients with stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer included in the study, the median survival time was 23 months in the surgery + radiochemotherapy group, and the 1 -, 3 -, and 5-year overall survival (OS) ratio were 77.1%, 33.2% and 22.8%, respectively. The median survival time was 21 months in the surgery + chemotherapy group, and the 1 -, 3 -, and 5-year OS ratio were 72.2%, 33.6% and 23.1%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in OS. The result of subgroup analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in OS between the surgery + radiochemotherapy group and the surgery + chemotherapy group among patients with MLR ≤ 0.5, while OS of the surgery + radiochemotherapy group was significantly better than the surgery + chemotherapy group among patients with MLR>0.5(χ2=8.542, P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that race, T stage, N stage, MLR and adjuvant radiotherapy were the important factors affecting OS of stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients with no more than 15 lymph nodes dissection(Wald=8.544, 7.547, 10.925, 18.047, 10.715, P < 0.05). After PSM, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between the two groups. The result of subgroup analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in OS between the surgery + radiochemotherapy group and the surgery + chemotherapy group among patients with MLR ≤ 0.5, while OS of the surgery + radiochemotherapy group was significantly better than the surgery + chemotherapy group among patients with MLR>0.5(χ2=6.944, P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that race, T stage, N stage, MLR and adjuvant radiotherapy were the important factors affecting OS of stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients with no more than 15 lymph nodes dissection (Wald=7.154, 8.023, 7.744, 17.016, 4.149, P < 0.05). The result of prognosis analysis of two groups before and after PSM were consistent. Conclusions MLR is an important prognostic factor for stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer patients with no more than 15 lymph nodes dissection. The OS of patients with MLR ≤ 0.5 can't benefit from postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, while patients with MLR > 0.5 should be advised to receive postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy to improve the prognosis.
[Key words] Metastatic lymph node ratio(MLR)    Stage-Ⅲ gastric cancer    Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy    Prognostic    

根据肿瘤原发部位,胃癌可分为食管胃结合部癌和非结合部癌,其中后者约占胃癌总体患者的70%[1]。2019年中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)胃癌诊疗指南提出,术后辅助放疗在局部进展期非食管胃结合部癌中的治疗效果尚不明确,需对不同亚组行预后分析研究以期为临床治疗提供科学证据[2]。虽然国际抗癌联盟(UICC)分期建议胃癌术中淋巴结清扫数目应>15枚[3],但临床上由于各种原因,常出现术后受检淋巴结不超15枚的情况。据研究报道,胃癌患者在受检淋巴结数目不超15枚的情况下,淋巴结转移率(metastatic lymph node ratio, MLR)对其预后有较好的预测效果[4-6],但它能否指导术后不同辅助治疗方案的选择则有待研究。本研究通过对美国SEER癌症数据库中淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期非食管胃结合部胃癌(以下统称“胃癌”)患者资料进行深入分析,探讨不同MLR的Ⅲ期胃癌患者接受术后辅助放疗的意义。

资料与方法

1.数据来源: 本研究的患者资料来源于2010—2016年美国SEER 18数据库中接受胃癌术后辅助化疗或术后辅助放化疗的的Ⅲ期胃癌患者的临床信息。本研究纳入标准: ①原发部位为非食管胃结合部胃癌。②诊断时间为2010—2016年。③仅接受胃癌手术同时联合辅助化疗。④病理分期为Ⅲ期(第7版TNM分期)。⑤清扫淋巴结数目≤15枚。排除标准: ①食管胃结合部癌。②合并其他恶性肿瘤。③清扫淋巴结数目不详。④阳性淋巴结数目不详。⑤生存情况和治疗方式不详。这项研究是基于SEER数据库公开的临床资料,并且本研究已获准使用SEER数据库(10912~Nov2019)。

2.MLR的截点选取:MLR=阳性淋巴结数/清扫淋巴结总数。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(AUC)确定MLR的最佳截点(灵敏度与特异度之和减去1的最大点即为约登指数最大点)。全组患者MLR值为0~1,以MLR值大小为检验变量,生存情况为状态变量,绘制ROC曲线,评估MLR预测预后的能力。ROC曲线分析结果显示,当MLR取值为0.527时,约登指数最大,以0.527为最佳截点值,评估全组患者预后的敏感度为0.518,特异性为0.695,AUC为0.642(95%CI: 0.597~0.687,P<0.001),见图 1。根据ROC曲线分析结果并结合既往相关报道[7-8],本研究将所有入组患者分为MLR≤0.5和>0.5两组。

图 1 淋巴结转移率的受试者工作特征曲线分布图 Figure 1 ROC curve distribution of MLR values

3. 统计学处理: 根据入组患者术后是否接受辅助放疗分为手术+化疗组和手术+放化疗组,并利用R语言在手术+化疗组和手术+放化疗组之间进行1 ∶1倾向得分匹配(propensity score matching, PSM)。采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行数据处理,组间临床因素的差异采用χ2检验,Kaplan~Meier生存分析法分析预后,Log-rank法分析组间及各亚组的总生存(overall survival, OS)差异,多因素Cox回归法评估各临床因素对预后的影响。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1. 临床资料结果:依据入组标准共纳入590例淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者,经1 ∶1PSM后,共有488例Ⅲ期胃癌术后患者配对,其中年龄20~75岁,中位年龄55岁;男288例,女200例;腺癌328例,非腺癌160例, 其中非腺癌主要包括黏液腺癌和印戒细胞癌等病理类型;MLR≤0.5者264例和MLR>0.5者224例,见表 1

表 1 两组Ⅲ期胃癌患者PSM前后一般临床资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data between two groups of patients with stage Ⅲ gastric cancer before and after PSM

2.不同MLR的Ⅲ期胃癌患者术后放疗预后分析结果: 对本组淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者汇总分析发现,手术+放化疗组中位生存期为23个月,1、3、5年的OS率分别为77.1%、33.2%和22.8%,手术+化疗组中位生存期为21个月,1、3、5年的OS率分别为72.2%、33.6%和23.1%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚组分析发现,MLR≤0.5患者中手术+放化疗组和手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而MLR>0.5患者中手术+放化疗组的OS显著高于手术+化疗组(χ2=8.542, P<0.05),见图 2。多因素Cox回归分析显示, 种族、T分期、N分期、MLR和辅助放疗是影响淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者OS的重要因素(Wald=8.544、7.547、10.925、18.047、10.715, P<0.05),见表 2

注: MLR. 淋巴结转移率 图 2 两种不同治疗方式的Ⅲ期胃癌患者生存曲线  A. MLR≤0.5; B. MLR>0.5 Figure 2 Survival curves of patients with stage Ⅲ gastric cancer with two different treatment modalities   A. MLR≤0.5; B. MLR>0.5

表 2 PSM前后影响Ⅲ期胃癌患者预后的多因素Cox回归分析 Table 2 Multivariate Cox regression analysis of prognosis in patients with stage Ⅲ gastric cancer before and after PSM

3.PSM后不同MLR的Ⅲ期胃癌患者术后放疗预后分析结果:1∶1PSM后获得244对接受手术+放化疗和手术+化疗的淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者,进一步分析发现,与PSM前的结果类似,手术+放化疗组和手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚组分析发现,MLR≤0.5患者中手术+放化疗组和手术+化疗组的OS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而MLR>0.5患者中手术+放化疗组的OS显著高于手术+化疗组(χ2=6.944, P<0.05),见图 3。多因素Cox回归分析显示, 种族、T分期、N分期、MLR和辅助放疗是影响淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者OS的重要因素(Wald=7.154、8.023、7.744、17.016、4.149, P<0.05),见表 2。由此可见,本研究入组患者PSM前后的预后分析结果是相符的。

注: PSM. 倾向得分匹配;MLR. 淋巴结转移率 图 3 两种不同治疗方式的Ⅲ期胃癌患者PSM后生存曲线  A. MLR≤0.5; B. MLR>0.5 Figure 3 Survival curves of patients with stage Ⅲ gastric cancer with two different treatment modalities after PSM   A. MLR≤0.5;B. MLR>0.5

3、讨论

淋巴结转移是胃癌术后患者预后不良的重要因素,目前胃癌TNM分期中的N分期主要由淋巴结转移数目来决定,但由于各级医疗机构胃癌手术方式差异导致术中淋巴结清扫数目不同,以及临床送检淋巴结数目不超都可能会造成pN分期不准确,这些情况均可造成TNM分期相同的情况下患者生存状况明显不同。据报道,在美国和中国的胃癌手术患者中,淋巴结清扫数目不超15枚的比例分别占71%和40%[9-10]。Marchet等[4]认为与清扫淋巴结>15枚相比,MLR对受检淋巴结不超15枚的预测效果更好。本研究对590例淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌术后患者进行了回顾性分析,多因素分析显示MLR为本组患者预后的重要影响因素,术后辅助放疗可明显改善MLR>0.5患者预后。

目前国际上对于MLR截点值的划分尚没有达成共识,不同学者选择MLR界值的方法各不相同。刘宏根等[11]是将MLR按照每5%分组,共21组,运用Log-rank检验比较各组术后生存差异,最终得出界值为≤0.1、0.1~0.3、0.3~0.6和>0.6。武优优[12]是将MLR按照四分位法分段得出界值为0~0.24、0.25~0.49、0.5~0.74和0.75~1.00。周荣健等[13]在利用MLR预测胃癌手术患者的预后时,运用了ROC曲线来评估MLR≤0.4和MLR>0.4的预测能力。本研究主要是根据ROC曲线和AUC检验结果将MLR划分为≤0.5和>0.5两组,这种划分方法具有较好的可重复性和科学性。为了更普遍地利用MLR预测胃癌手术患者的预后,未来需要大量的研究来明确MLR分级。

局部进展期胃癌术后辅助放疗目前在国内外尚存争议[14]。ARTIST-Ⅱ试验结果提示,术后辅助放疗并不能提高Ⅱ~Ⅲ胃癌患者总生存,但其亚组分析尚存在很大研究空间,亟需更多临床试验进一步确定术后辅助放疗在局部进展期胃癌治疗中的价值[15]。胃癌标准的手术方式是D2根治术[16],但我国目前50%的胃癌患者未能接受标准的D2手术[17],这会增加肿瘤的局部复发率,而术后辅助放疗可作为一种有效的手段弥补手术的不足。另外,胃癌手术患者受检淋巴结数目不足也会降低治疗效果[18],而术后辅助放疗则可能会改善患者的预后。Deng等[19]对天津医科大学肿瘤医院1 563例胃癌术后患者行回顾性分析,清扫淋巴结≤15枚的患者占39%。Wang等[20]对1 343例D2根治术胃癌患者行回顾性分析,清扫淋巴结≤15枚的患者占55.2%。在这两家国内顶级胃癌诊疗中心内,尚有将近一半患者清扫淋巴结≤15枚,那么全国范围内受检淋巴结数目≤15枚的胃癌患者数量则相当可观。因此,本研究试图探讨术后辅助放疗对淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌患者的预后影响,结果发现,对于总体患者而言,手术+放化疗组与手术+化疗组的OS并无明显差异,但MLR>0.5患者中手术+放化疗组的OS明显优于手术+化疗组。

本研究属于回顾性分析研究,难免存在研究设计上的局限性。本研究中胃癌手术水平、护理能力、医院级别以及患者的临床表现、营养状况等都会对结果有一定的影响,而且SEER数据库中没有登记放疗剂量及分次、化疗方案、术后并发症等可能影响预后的临床信息,但为了探讨不同MLR的Ⅲ胃癌患者选择术后辅助放疗的意义,本研究在手术+化疗组和手术+放化疗组之间进行1 ∶1 PSM,以便降低干扰因素对研究结果的影响,最终发现两组患者PSM前后的统计学结果是一致的。另外,本研究中发现SEER数据库登记的临床资料均来自初治癌症患者,因此缺乏肿瘤复发信息,未来会收集本院胃癌患者的详细资料进一步研究术后辅助放疗对局部复发的影响。

综上所述,MLR是淋巴结清扫不超15枚的Ⅲ期胃癌手术联合辅助化疗患者预后的重要影响因素,在一定程度上可以指导术后辅助放疗的选择。MLR≤0.5患者的OS并未从术后辅助放疗中获益,而MLR>0.5患者则建议接受术后辅助放疗以改善预后。

利益冲突  全体作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突,进行该研究未接受任何不正当职务及财务获益,并对本研究的独立性和科学性予以保证

作者贡献声明  李良负责数据分析、论文撰写及校对;谢家存、王志斌负责病例收集和数据处理;梁恒坡负责数据核对和文献整理;吴广银负责选题设计和论文审核

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