中华放射医学与防护杂志  2021, Vol. 41 Issue (2): 151-154   PDF    
低剂量放疗在新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗中的应用
罗辉1 , 葛红1 , 聂文娜2 , 刘慧2 , 胡亚美1 , 许文娟3 , 邓国栋4     
1. 郑州大学附属肿瘤医院肿瘤放疗科 450008;
2. 中美(河南)荷美尔肿瘤研究院, 郑州 450003;
3. 武汉大学中南医院呼吸与危重症医学科 430071;
4. 中国医学科学院 北京协和医院肿瘤研究所病因及癌变研究室 100021
[摘要] 新型冠状病毒全球大流行,危重症新型冠状病毒肺炎患者合并细胞因子风暴成为临床亟待解决的难题。低剂量放疗曾短暂用于肺炎的治疗。过去数十年,研究者一直致力于阐明低剂量放疗的生物学机制。低剂量放疗具有炎症抑制作用,已在危重症新型冠状病毒肺炎中取得了初步的效果,受到了学术界和放疗界的重点关注。本文回顾了低剂量放疗在肺炎中的应用,阐述了其放射生物学机制,介绍了低剂量全肺放疗在危重症新型冠状病毒肺炎中的初步研究结果,分析了其面临的问题,展望了其临床应用前景。
[关键词] 低剂量放疗    新型冠状病毒肺炎    抗炎作用    
Application of low dose radiation therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia
Luo Hui1 , Ge Hong1 , Nie Wenna2 , Liu Hui2 , Hu Yamei1 , Xu Wenjuan3 , Deng Guodong4     
1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
2. China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
3. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
4. Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
[Abstract] With the global pandemic of COVID-19, cytokine storms in critical patients with pneumonia is really a problem and need to be solved immediately.Low dose radiation therapy (LDRT) has been temporarily used to treat pneumonia.In the past decades, researchers were dedicated to clarify the biological mechanism of LDRT.LDRT plays a unique role in the suppression of inflammation, preliminary outcomes have been acquired in critical patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, and radiotherapy community is paying attention to this treatment strategy.This review summarizes the application of LDRT in pneumonia, its biological mechanism, the result of LDRT in COVID-19 pneumonia, the existing problems and prospective in clinic.
[Key words] Low dose radiation therapy    COVID-19 pneumonia    Anti-inflammatory effect    

新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)肺炎已成为全世界大流行传染病,危重病例死亡率极高[1]。COVID-19危重病例合并严重的肺部炎症,诱发急性呼吸窘迫综合征,免疫系统释放大量炎症因子,由此所引发的细胞因子风暴,在COVID-19病情恶化中起到关键作用[2]。目前,COVID-19的治疗中,羟氯喹、瑞德西韦等药物效果尚不明确,疫苗仍在研发阶段,康复期患者血清的作用依然有待严谨的临床研究检验。在这种情况下,有研究者尝试将目光转向低剂量放疗[3]。低剂量放疗可抑制炎症级联反应,调控免疫细胞分化为抗炎表型,调节细胞因子、趋化因子和生长因子的释放,是一种有效的抗炎手段[4-6]。本文就低剂量放疗在COVID-19肺炎治疗中的作用进行深入的阐述。

一、低剂量放疗在肺炎治疗中的应用

在青霉素问世及应用于临床之前,肺炎的治疗是一个十分棘手的问题。基于X射线能够促进渗出性物质吸收的假设,1905年,Musser等[7]尝试采用X射线治疗5例难治性肺炎患者,尽管伴有明显的肺实变征象,但所有患者的发热症状获得缓解;后期随访中,这些患者的临床症状及X射线表现均提示病情好转。此后陆续有小样本量的研究报道了类似结果[8-9],其中,1924年,Heidenhain和Fried[8]在研究了200余例伴有高热的感染患者基础上发现低剂量X射线在缓解炎症中发挥作用。Powell[10]和Donnelly[11]则报道了迄今为止样本量最大(231例)的X射线治疗肺炎的研究。动物实验也证实低剂量放疗在病毒性肺炎中的作用[12]。20世纪中叶及以后,抗生素在临床广泛应用和公众对辐射的普遍恐慌心理使得低剂量放疗在临床抗炎治疗相关研究急剧减少[13]。尽管如此,仍有研究者持续关注低剂量放疗的放射生物学机制[14-15]。总之,低剂量放疗在肺炎中的研究并非一帆风顺。

二、低剂量放疗的抗炎机制

低剂量放疗的放射生物学机制目前已初步阐明。研究多关注于放疗通过巨噬细胞极化作用调控炎症级联反应这一现象。Genard等[16]研究发现1~10 Gy放疗后,促进巨噬细胞朝M1促炎表型转化;< 1 Gy或>10 Gy的放疗剂量则促使巨噬细胞M2抗炎表型分化。Calabrese等[5]认为巨噬细胞极化作用与细胞所处炎性环境有关,当处于感染性强的炎性环境且受照射剂量>1 Gy时,巨噬细胞向M1促炎型分化;相反,感染性弱且照射剂量<1 Gy时,巨噬细胞向M2抗炎型转化。由此可见,放疗剂量 < 1 Gy表现为有效的炎症抑制作用,放疗剂量与炎症调控呈现出剂量依赖性。低剂量放疗可活化内皮细胞及免疫细胞中转录因子NF-κB、AP-1,诱导抗炎因子IL-10、TNF-β、TGF-β1高表达,下调了炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α、ROS、IL-6、NO、iNOS等的表达[6, 17-18]。其中,IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6等的表达量下调与低剂量放疗抑制了M1型巨噬细胞功能有关,而ROS表达量的下降减轻了放疗对正常组织细胞的损伤作用[19]。在低剂量放疗条件下,细胞粘附分子如选择素、ICAM、VCAM的表达水平下调,白细胞粘附程度降低,抗氧化应激分子GPx、Nrf2的表达受到调控,发挥抗炎作用[20]。小鼠关节炎模型中,低剂量放疗显著降低了白细胞计数,减轻了白细胞黏附程度,减缓了炎症反应[21]。有研究报道低剂量放疗能够强化抗病毒免疫应答,激活NK细胞发挥杀伤作用,刺激IFN-γ分泌[22]。此外,Schröder等[23]检测了接受低剂量放疗的内皮细胞促炎因子表达量变化,发现IL-8、G-CSF和PDGF-BB蛋白分子的表达水平呈现非线性增加,上述促炎因子的mRNA表达水平亦增加,但与蛋白表达水平变化趋势不尽相同。有报道认为低剂量放疗的抗炎作用在照射后48 h达到顶峰,72 h后消失[6]。因此,判断低剂量放疗在炎症中的作用,需要考虑检测时间点、放疗剂量、细胞培养条件、细胞系来源等影响因素。总体而言,尽管低剂量的抗炎与促炎作用存有争议,目前多倾向于抗炎作用。

三、低剂量放疗在新冠肺炎治疗中的再应用

危重症COVID-19患者中,已检测到包括IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6等在内的多种炎症因子水平升高,发生细胞因子释放综合征,诱导正常肺组织损伤及其他合并症;此外,患者外周血淋巴细胞减少,CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞数目降低[24]。低剂量放疗的炎症抑制作用和强化抗病毒免疫应答现象,使得其有望再应用于抗炎治疗中。来自美国的研究报道了首例低剂量放疗治疗10名老年重症COVID-19肺炎结果,患者均接受双肺1.5 Gy放疗,照射首日9名患者即症状改善明显,随后检查表明低剂量放疗是安全有效的[25]。伊朗的一项研究纳入了5例老年接受氧疗的COVID-19患者,给予全肺0.5 Gy剂量放疗及其他常规新冠肺炎治疗措施,1例患者病情加重,3 d后死亡;其余4例患者放疗后当天即出现好转,未发现急性放射性不良反应[26]。尽管如此,上述研究样本量小,有待进一步验证。Algara等[3]设计了一项多中心前瞻性随机对照研究(NCT-04380818),旨在评估低剂量全肺放疗在COVID-19肺炎中改善患者肺功能的有效性。全球目前共有数十项低剂量放疗对COVID-19作用的研究陆续开展中。

四、低剂量放疗存在的问题与展望

尽管低剂量放疗在COVID-19肺炎治疗中初现曙光,但仍面临巨大挑战。首先,低剂量放疗的最佳治疗剂量尚不明确。Kirkby和Mackenzie[27]采用蒙特卡罗算法分析既往研究中低剂量肺照射的剂量分布,结果表明平均肺部剂量在相对狭窄的范围内:0.30~0.80 Gy。国际老年放疗协会推荐0.5 Gy的全肺照射剂量[28]。此外,国际上部分学者认为放疗剂量过高容易增加病毒的选择压力和发生新突变的风险,而且有可能造成CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞数目减少。因此,建议采用“脱敏疗法”,即先给予单次0.02 Gy的适应性放疗剂量,然后,再给予0.1~0.25 Gy的全肺抗炎照射[29]。尽管多数研究者推荐单次0.5 Gy全肺照射剂量,但考虑到危及器官如心脏的耐受性及病毒选择压力,最佳放疗剂量有待进一步研究论证[30-31]。其次,低剂量全肺照射窗口期有待明确。在细胞因子风暴发生的中晚期阶段,持续高水平细胞因子会诱导病毒耐受并攻击正常肺组织,造成不可逆的损害,低剂量放疗的抗炎作用可能会削弱机体抗病毒免疫应答[32-33]。总之,在临床实践及科学研究中,需要充分把握低剂量放疗潜在的不良反应,并充分发挥其抗炎作用。

综上所述,低剂量放疗容易实施、花费少及抗炎特性使得其有望在COVID-19的治疗中再次发挥作用。尽管目前低剂量放疗缺乏大样本量随机对照研究的支持,其在COVID-19肺炎患者治疗尚处于起步阶段,但低剂量放疗已经吸引了学术界和放疗从业人员越来越多的关注,期待在不久的将来能看到低剂量放疗在COVID-19肺炎患者中的研究结果。

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作者贡献声明  罗辉负责文献搜集整理与撰写;聂文娜、刘慧、胡亚美、许文娟、邓国栋负责部分文献的搜集与整理,协助论文撰写;葛红指导论文命题、思路、结构及修订

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