中华放射医学与防护杂志  2020, Vol. 40 Issue (10): 802-806   PDF    
胃食管结合部腺癌与中远端胃癌术前同步放化疗研究进展
史金明 , 刘文扬 , 金晶     
国家癌症中心 国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院放疗科 100021
[摘要] 胃癌在我国发病率高居第二位,初诊胃癌患者分期晚,单纯手术的根治性切除率低且术后复发率高,整体预后较差,同步放化疗作为局部治疗方式在胃癌中逐渐体现出重要价值。近年来,虽然中远端胃癌患者仍然是主要患病人群,但随着生活习惯的改变,胃食管结合部腺癌患者发病数量逐渐上升,其预后相对中远端胃癌差。已有大型Ⅲ期研究证实了术前同步放化疗可以提高胃食管结合部腺癌的降期率及局部控制率。但是中远端胃癌仍缺乏Ⅲ期研究证据,尚需更多临床研究来探索同步放化疗的价值。本文将分别对胃食管结合部腺癌和中远端胃癌术前同步放化疗的研究现况进行阐述。
[关键词] 胃食管结合部腺癌    中远端胃癌    术前同步放化疗    
Progress of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junctionand mid-distal gastric cancer
Shi Jinming , Liu Wenyang , Jin Jing     
Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
[Abstract] In China, gastric cancer ranks in the second place in morbidity. Patients were mostly diagnosed as an advanced stage at the first time. Radical resection rate was low and the recurrence rate remained high by surgery alone, which resulted in a poor prognosis. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy served as a local therapy method played an important role in gastric cancer gradually. In recent years, although most patients' tumor are located at the mid-distal gastric cancer, due to the changes of living habits, the number of patients with gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma has gradually increased, and their prognosis are relatively poorer compared with the mid-distal gastric cancer.Large-scale phase Ⅲ studies have confirmed that preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy can improve the rate of downstaging and local control in adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. However, mid-distal gastric cancer still lacks phase Ⅲ evidence and more clinical studies are needed to explore the value of preoperative chemoradiotherapy. This review summarizes the progress of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction and mid-distal gastric cancer separately.
[Key words] Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction    Mid-distal gastric cancer    Preoperative chemoradiotherapy    

全球数据报道每年新增胃癌患者达95.2万, 其中26万为胃食管结合部癌, 69.1万为中远端胃癌[1]。虽然胃癌主要发病部位仍以中远端为主, 但近年来, 胃食管结合部腺癌的发病率在逐年升高[2]。在我国, 胃癌发病率仍高居第2位, 约71%的胃癌初诊患者达Ⅲ~Ⅳ期, 中位生存期不足1年, 预后很差[3]。胃食管结合部癌因其解剖部位的特殊性, 使其在生物学特点及预后等方面不同于中远端胃癌, 世界卫生组织(WHO)建议将其作为独立的肿瘤进行讨论。虽然手术是胃食管结合部腺癌和中远端胃癌主要治疗手段, 但术后较高的局部复发率是治疗失败的重要原因之一[4], 因此, 作为局部治疗方式, 术前同步放化疗有一定的探索价值, 本文将分别对胃食管结合部腺癌和中远端胃癌术前同步放化疗的研究进行综述。

一、胃食管结合部腺癌与中远端胃癌的异同

早期Siewert和Stein[5]将胃食管结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction, AEG)按肿瘤中心与胃食管结合部的位置关系分为Siewert Ⅰ型、Siewert Ⅱ型和Siewert Ⅲ型, 并建议将其列入近端胃癌中。近几年, AEG发病率的逐年增加与肥胖及生活压力等导致的胃食管反流病有关。而中远端胃癌患者大多发生于低收入及低教育水平的人群中, 且与幽门螺杆菌感染密切相关。疾病分期及预后方面, 我国一项纳入946例近、远端胃癌的回顾性研究分析示:与远端胃癌相比, 近端胃癌分期更晚且预后更差[6]。在基因层面, AEG的Her-2阳性率显著高于中远端胃癌, 虽然这提示较差的预后, 但也说明AEG患者更适用于部分靶向治疗[7]。此外, Smad-4、P16、P53基因在AEG中的表达远高于中远端胃癌, 均提示较差预后。有文献报道AEG基因型多以染色体不稳定型为主(65%), 而中远端胃癌以人类疱疹病毒4型(EBV)病毒阳性型表达居多(62%)[8], 这为后续的治疗提供更多理论依据。两者在手术方式上也存在差异, Siewert Ⅰ型AEG多采用Ivor-Lewis术式切除部分食管及近端胃, Siewert Ⅱ/Ⅲ型倾向行全胃切除术。而对于远端胃癌, 大多行远端胃切除术。

对于分期较晚的胃癌和AEG患者, 单纯的手术治疗仍有60.8%的复发率[9], 同步放化疗在控制复发方面优势显著。与术后治疗相比, 术前同步放化疗因不良反应低、依从性好、降期率高的优势逐渐被采纳。

二、术前同步放化疗在胃食管结合部腺癌中的价值

2020年美国国立综合癌症网络指南将AEG与食管癌一起讨论, 推荐存在高危因素的分期cT2N0M0(血管淋巴受侵、肿瘤最大径≥3 cm、低分化)或分期cT3~4或N+的胃食管结合部腺癌行术前同步放化疗(41.4~50.4 Gy), 对不可手术的患者行根治性放化疗(50~50.4 Gy)(Ⅰ级推荐)。我国2019年食管癌和胃癌中国抗癌协会指南也均将局部晚期AEG单独列出, 并将术前同步放化疗作为Ⅰ级推荐, 在食管癌及胃癌指南中推荐放疗剂量分别为40~50 Gy和45~50.4 Gy。可见虽然WHO建议AEG应作为独立的癌种进行讨论, 但目前各指南所依据的随机分组研究还存在以下问题:将AEG纳入胃癌或食管癌研究、部分胃食管结合部癌的病理类型包括了鳞癌和腺癌、术前放疗剂量不同、同步化疗方案各不相同等, 以下根据具体的随机分组研究加以分析。

早在1996年即有研究证实了术前放化疗在食管腺癌中的疗效[10]。Shapiro等[11]开展的Ⅲ期研究明确了术前同步放化疗(neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, NCRT)在AEG中的重要价值。研究纳入366例食管及胃食管结合部癌患者, 腺癌占75%, 肿瘤位于食管远端或胃食管结合部占81.6%。随机分为NCRT组与单纯手术组, 中位随访84.1个月, 腺癌患者的中位生存期为43.2个月, 显著高于单纯手术组的27.1个月(P=0.038), 中位无进展生存期在NCRT组也有显著优势(29.9 vs. 17.7个月, P=0.01)。同样, 我国在2015年的Meta分析中也证实了在AEG中NCRT较单纯手术的生存优势[12]。随着术前化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NCT)的价值不断被证实, NCRT与NCT的疗效孰优孰劣存在争议。目前已有研究证实了NCRT可显著提高患者的病理完全缓解率及R0切除率[13-14], 但在生存率方面, NCRT较NCT的优势并不显著[15-16]。德国POET研究是第一项正式发表的在NCT基础上, 加入放疗的全新辅助治疗模式对比NCT的Ⅲ期研究, 入组的119例AEG患者分为NCRT组(60例)与NCT组(59例), 两组病理完全缓解率分别为14.3% vs. 1.9%(P=0.03), 2017年随访数据提示NCRT组与NCT组5年OS分别为39.5%和24.4%(P>0.05), NCRT组与NCT组的生存差异无统计学意义, 但NCRT组存在提高生存的趋势[15]。瑞典的一项对比胃癌NCRT与NCT疗效的研究在2019年的最新随访数据提示, NCRT组与NCT组的手术根治性(R0)切除率分别为87.0%和74.0%(P=0.04), 病理完全缓解(pCR)率分别为28.0%和9.0%(P=0.002), 但两组患者5年OS差异仍无统计学意义(42.2% vs. 39.6%, P=0.6)[16]

Petrelli等[17]将22项对比胃食管结合部癌术前放化疗和术前化疗的研究纳入Meta分析, 纳入的研究需满足入组的远端食管腺癌及AEG患者占80%以上, 共纳入18 260例患者, 发现术前放化疗组可以明显提高肿瘤pCR率(P<0.001), 并降低局部和区域复发风险(P=0.01), 但在生存率方面, 放化疗组与化疗组差异无统计学意义。一项针对食管腺癌和AEG的美国癌症数据库纳入6 986例患者来对比NCRT与NCT疗效差异。其中, 远端食管腺癌和AEG患者占94.8%。结果显示, pCR率在NCRT组有明显优势(31.6% vs. 17.2%, P<0.001), 但在生存获益上, 两组生存差异无统计学意义。亚组分析发现达到pCR的患者生存获益显著[18]

综上所述, NCRT可以有效提高AEG患者的pCR率及R0切除率, 与单纯手术相比, 明显提高了生存, 与NCT相比在生存的差异无统计学意义, 但降期显著的患者生存获益明显。现已明确FLOT方案在胃癌围手术期治疗中的疗效好于ECF方案[19], 正在开展的ESOPECⅢ期临床研究(NCT02509286)将纳入438例食管腺癌和AEG患者, 对比FLOT方案围手术期化疗与NCRT的生存差异, 期待新化疗方案下研究的结果[20]

三、术前同步放化疗在中远端胃癌中的价值

虽然NCRT在胃食管结合部腺癌中已经得到证实, 但其在中远端胃癌中的价值仍没有大型研究结论。2020年美国国立综合癌症网络指南(NCCN)仅将NCRT作为局部晚期胃癌2B类证据推荐。

美国MD安德森癌症中心在21世纪初开展了一系列小样本胃癌NCRT研究, 其中以美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组(RTOG)9904[21]为首的Ⅱ期研究共纳入41例胃癌患者, 中远端胃癌占72%。入组患者完成2周期PLF方案诱导化疗联合NCRT, 结果示pCR率达26%, R0切除率为77%, 1年总生存率为72%, 研究同样发现达到pCR的患者预后更好。近些年围绕中远端胃癌NCRT的研究仍以单臂Ⅱ期研究为主[22-25], 患者pCR率的范围为:8.8%~18.8%, R0切除率的范围为:66.7%~82.5%。2019年韩国开展了主要针对中远端胃癌的全新辅助治疗研究, 探索了DCS方案诱导化疗联合NCRT(放疗剂量:45 Gy/25次, 同步SOX方案化疗)的疗效, 对肿瘤未降至0~Ⅰ期的患者加入辅助化疗。研究共计入组42例患者, 疗前分期为Ⅲ期占88.1%, 经过术前治疗降至病理0~Ⅰ期占33.3%, 3年总生存率为75.5%, 整体疗效显著[23]

胃癌围手术期化疗疗效已得到多个随机分组研究证实, 在NCRT与围手术期化疗均有效的前提下, 哪一个方案更使患者受益, 是值得探讨的学术问题。本中心在2018年美国放射肿瘤学会年会上公布了胃癌NCRT组(放疗剂量:45 Gy/25次, 同步替吉奥)与围手术期SOX方案化疗组的疗效差异, NCRT组和围手术期化疗组的患者数量分别为36例和35例。随访27个月发现两组无明显生存差异, NCRT组1~3级不良反应发生率显著高于围手术期化疗组, 但中重度病理反应率及无局部区域复发率在NCRT组明显优于围手术期化疗组(96.5% vs. 66.6%, P=0.013;100% vs. 79.3%, P=0.014)[26]。近年来Leong等[27]的Ⅲ期TOPGEAR研究分析了120例胃癌入组病例, 均分为围手术期化疗组与NCRT联合围手术期化疗组, 初步结果显示, 两组在不良反应及手术并发症发生率方面无差异, 且术前治疗的完成率高, 其长期结果值得期待。

虽然胃癌在我国发病部位仍以中远端为主, 但与AEG不同的是, NCRT在中远端胃癌中的价值尚无大样本量数据支持。现国内外针对胃癌NCRT设计了不同的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床研究(表 1), 期待其最终结果指导今后治疗。

表 1 ClinicalTrial网站注册的胃癌术前放化疗I/I期正在研究课题 Table 1 Phase I/MI (ongoing studies about preoperative chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer registered on Clinical Trial website

四、放疗不良反应及靶区勾画

放疗不良反应一直是争议的热点问题, 虽然放疗有效提高了R0切除率、降期率及局部控制率, 但也一定程度上带来治疗的不良反应。在同步放化疗阶段的主要不良反应以血液学及消化道不良反应为主, 不同研究中患者3级及以上不良反应发生率差异较大, 但均可耐受; 与单纯化疗相比, NCRT并没有显著提高患者手术的并发症及死亡率[11, 15, 27]。2020年美国一项基于美国癌症数据库的回顾性研究却提出相反结论[28], 该研究经过倾向匹配分析发现AEG或胃癌NCRT较围手术期化疗显著提高了患者的死亡率, 但该文中NCRT组患者T和N分期晚、手术清扫的淋巴结数目少, AEG占比显著高于围手术期化疗组(95.5%vs. 45.9%, P<0.001), 以上均是不良预后因素, 即使经过倾向匹配, 仍不能完全排除混杂因素对结果的影响[29]。同样受数据库限制, 不能明确患者放化疗的具体情况及死因等, 所以结论具有一定的局限性。综上, 从前瞻性数据可见NCRT的不良反应可耐受, 治疗不会对手术造成额外影响。

放疗的靶区勾画与疗效及不良反应密切相关, 但目前缺少胃癌术前放疗靶区的前瞻性研究证据。胃癌术前放疗靶区可参考欧洲肿瘤放射治疗协作组(EORTC-ROG)勾画共识[30], AEG的放疗靶区也可参考RTOG共识[31], 但是现均无大样本数据证实其可靠性。且胃癌在放疗实施中会受呼吸、胃蠕动及充盈状态影响较大, 导致放疗的不确定性较多, 放疗靶区的制定仍面临很大挑战。

五、小结

胃食管结合部腺癌和中远端胃癌在生物学特点及治疗策略上均有较大差别, NCRT可有效提高肿瘤的降期率及局部控制率, 并且治疗的不良反应可耐受。现已有Ⅲ期临床研究证实其在胃食管结合部腺癌中的疗效, 并列入指南的Ⅰ级推荐, 但在中远端胃癌中的应用价值仍缺乏大型研究的结果, 指南也仅作为2B类证据推荐。为进一步证实NCRT在中远端胃癌中的价值, 同时规范术前放疗靶区勾画, 还期待于相继开展的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床研究结果。

利益冲突  无

作者贡献声明  史金明收集、整理文献和撰写论文; 刘文扬、金晶审阅和修改论文

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