中华放射医学与防护杂志  2017, Vol. 37 Issue (12): 962-964   PDF    
c-Met与食管癌放疗敏感性的相关性研究进展
蒋晨雪 , 顾飞英 , 许亚萍     
310022 杭州, 浙江省肿瘤医院放疗科
[摘要] 食管癌是我国常见的消化道肿瘤,预后差。放疗是食管癌的主要治疗方式,肿瘤的放射敏感性是影响放疗疗效的一个重要原因。肝细胞生长因子受体c-Met及其信号通路在肿瘤发生、发展、侵袭、转移以及治疗抵抗等过程中具有重要作用。本文就c-Met与食管癌放疗敏感性的相关性研究进展进行了综述。
[关键词] 食管癌     c-Met     放射敏感性     靶向治疗    
Research progress on the association between c-Met and radiosensitivity in esophageal cancer
Jiang Chenxue, Gu Feiying, Xu Yaping     
Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hosital, Hangzhou 310022, China
Corresponding author: Xu Yaping, Email:xuyaping1207@163.com
[Abstract] Esophageal cancer is a common gastrointestinal cancer in China with poor prognosis. Radiotherapy is the main treatment of esophageal cancer, and radiosensitivity of the tumor cell is a significant reason for the efficacy of radiotherapy. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) and its signaling pathway play an significant role in tumorigenesis, development, invasion, metastasis and treatment resistance. This review summarizes the association between expression of c-Met and radiosensitivity in esophageal cancer.
[Key words] Esophageal cancer     c-Met     Radiosensitivity     Target therapy    

食管癌是我国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,5年生存率仅15%~25%[1]。放疗是食管癌的重要治疗手段,放疗抵抗是食管癌治疗失败和复发的主要原因。肝细胞生长因子受体MET(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,c-Met)是由c-Met基因编码的一种酪氨酸激酶,属于酪氨酸激酶受体(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK)家族成员。c-Met过表达与食管癌预后及放疗疗效有关,本文就c-Met与食管癌放疗敏感性作一综述。

一、c-Met结构及对肿瘤生物学特性的影响

c-Met蛋白是一类具有自主磷酸化活性的跨膜多肽二聚体,由相对分子质量50 000的α链与145 000大小的β链通过二硫键相连,α和β的胞外区作为配体识别部位,可识别并结合HGF;胞内区域包括蛋白酪氨酸激酶(protein-tyrosine kinase, PTK)区域和自动磷酸化位点,具有酪氨酸激酶活性。β链上的酪氨酸激酶区域被激活后自动磷酸化,能够招募多种下游通路信号分子并使其磷酸化,经过级联式磷酸化反应将信号逐渐放大,最终转入细胞核引起一系列生物效应,招募的信号分子如生长因子受体结合蛋白2(growth factor receptor-bound protein 2,Grb2)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase, PI3K)、信号传导和转录因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)等[2-4]

HFG/MET通路通过下列几种途径影响肿瘤细胞:①激活下游PI3K/Akt/FRAP信号通路,上调VEGF和下调血小板反应蛋白-1,促进肿瘤血管的生成[5]。②激活Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt等信号传导通路,促使细胞周期驱动蛋白,如细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶4(CDK4)的表达上调,同时下调CDK4抑制剂P21等蛋白的表达,加速细胞周期进程,从而促进细胞增殖[6]。③激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路,抑制不依赖P53基因的细胞凋亡,促进细胞存活[7-8]。④通过HGF/c-Met/PI3K/Akt/DNA损伤修复途径,促进肿瘤细胞放化疗所致的DNA损伤修复。⑤上调基质金属蛋白酶-2和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子的表达,降解细胞外基质,从而促进肿瘤细胞的转移;同时使β连环蛋白的酪氨酸残基磷酸化,使其不能与E-钙黏蛋白结合形成复合体,破坏E-钙黏蛋白和细胞骨架的连接作用,最终导致细胞间的黏附作用降低,促进肿瘤细胞的转移[9]

二、c-Met表达与食管癌预后及放疗疗效的相关性

c-Met在肿瘤中的表达并没有特异性,但c-Met的表达水平增高预示着肿瘤患者预后不良。c-Met在亚裔食管鳞癌中的表达率约为7.6%~69%[10-11]。在一项包括1 062例食管癌患者的荟萃分析显示,c-Met过表达是食管癌的独立危险因素,c-Met过表达与较差的总生存时间(OS)和疾病特异性存活时间(DSS)有相关性(风险比分别为2.04和3.03),亚组分析显示鳞癌和腺癌患者低OS均与c-Met过表达有关(风险比分别为2.17和1.92),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)[12]。另一项研究发现,同时存在表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和c-Met的高表达则生存更差[13]。有学者推断,c-Met与EGFR相互作用可减弱EGFR抑制剂疗效[14]。在肺癌中,MET基因扩增通过HFG/MET/PI3K/ERBB3(HER3)途径抵抗吉非替尼和厄洛替尼[15],但两者之间的机制研究在食管癌中尚未有研究报道。

c-Met异常表达与放疗疗效存在相关性。c-Met过表达或MET基因扩增与接受放疗后较低的完全缓解率、较差的局部控制率、较短的无疾病生存时间(PFS)和OS相关性,并增加肿瘤复发和远处转移风险[16-19]

三、c-Met参与放疗抵抗的机制研究

c-Met作为抗肿瘤的治疗靶点的研究逐渐增加,c-Met的激活可能是肿瘤对治疗的自适应反应[20]。电离辐射引起DNA损伤进而激活DNA损伤修复通路,激活的ATM/NF-κB信号通路进而调控细胞抗凋亡及存活能力,引起细胞自适应放疗抵抗[21]。同时,放疗介导的活化NF-κB激活MET基因转录,激活HGF/MET下游信号蛋白Gab1和Ras-Map信号通路促进MET磷酸化及信号转导,增加细胞侵袭性和抑制细胞凋亡,抵抗电离辐射的杀伤作用[21-22]

在食管癌中,c-Met异常表达与放疗疗效的负相关性可能与c-Met参与放疗抵抗有关,应用c-Met抑制剂联合放疗可以增加放疗敏感性从另一方面验证了该观点。Chen等[23]发现,针对HGF的TKI抑制剂Foretinib能增加食管鳞癌细胞的放疗敏感性。Foretinib通过抑制c-Met磷酸化及下游PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制c-Met表达影响食管鳞癌细胞系ECA-109和TE-13生长和存活。Foretinib上调促凋亡蛋白Bax和下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表达水平,增加照射对细胞的凋亡作用;通过抑制Cdc2磷酸化和降低Cyclin B1表达,使细胞阻滞在G2/M期,调控细胞周期;此外,Foretinib通过延缓DNA损伤修复,增加食管鳞癌细胞的放射敏感性[23]。针对HGF/MET通路的靶向药物及相应的临床试验正在不断开展,如抗HGF抗体Ficlatuzuman、Rilotumumab、TAK701,抗MET抗体Onartuzumab,抗MET的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI)克唑替尼、ARQ197、AMG-208、AMG-337、E-7050、LY-2801653、PF-04217903、BPI-9016 M等,其中,针对c-Met的小分子TKI最受关注。但针对食管癌的试验较少,尤其以放疗联合c-Met靶向治疗的临床试验少有报道。

四、小结与展望

c-Met异常表达或基因扩增是食管癌预后不良的独立风险因素。放疗可以引起c-Met表达增加,c-Met高表达也是放疗抵抗的原因之一。c-Met通过多种途径抵抗放疗,c-Met抑制剂联合放疗有协同作用,但由于该领域在食管癌中的研究相对较少,故有必要从基础到临床对c-Met抑制剂联合放化疗是否具有协同增敏作用进行研究,为临床食管恶性肿瘤精准的多学科综合治疗的开展以及生物标记物的寻找提供依据。

参考文献
[1]
Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, et al. Oesophageal carcinoma[J]. Lancet, 2013, 381(9864): 400-412. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6
[2]
Ponzetto C, Bardelli A, Zhen Z, et al. A multifunctional docking site mediates signaling and transformation by the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor family[J]. Cell, 1994, 77(2): 261-271. DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90318-2
[3]
Fixman ED, Fournier TM, Kamikura DM, et al. Pathways downstream of Shc and Grb2 are required for cell transformation by the tpr-Met oncoprotein[J]. J Biol Chem, 1996, 271(22): 13116-13122. DOI:10.1074/jbc.271.22.13116
[4]
Weidner KM, Di CS, Sachs M, et al. Interaction between Gab1 and the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for epithelial morphogenesis[J]. Nature, 1996, 384(6605): 173-176. DOI:10.1038/384173a0
[5]
Zhang YW, Su Y, Volpert OV, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor mediates angiogenesis through positive VEGF and negative thrombospondin 1 regulation[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100(22): 12718-12723. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2135113100
[6]
Kim KJ, Wang L, Su YC, et al. Systemic anti-hepatocyte growth factor monoclonal antibody therapy induces the regression of intracranial glioma xenografts[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2006, 12(4): 1292-1298. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1793
[7]
Blumenschein GR, Mills GB, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor-cMET axis in cancer therapy[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2012, 30(26): 3287-3296. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2011.40.3774
[8]
Hu SY, Duan HF, Li QF, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor protects endothelial cells against γ ray irradiation-induced damage[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2009, 30(10): 1415-1420. DOI:10.1038/aps.2009.133
[9]
Samamé PJC, Biondani P, Maggi C, et al. Role of cMET in the development and progression of colorectal cancer[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14(9): 18056-18077. DOI:10.3390/ijms140918056
[10]
Ozawa Y, Nakamura Y, Fujishima F, et al. c-Met in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:an independent prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target[J]. BMC Cancer, 2015, 15: 451. DOI:10.1186/s12885-015-1450-3
[11]
Wang H, Jiang D, Song Q, et al. Prognostic impact and potential interaction of EGFR and c-Met in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Tumor Biol, 2016, 37(7): 9771-9779. DOI:10.1007/s13277-015-4692-4
[12]
Ren JL, Wu HF, Wang WJ, et al. C-Met as a potential novel prognostic marker in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of esophagus:evidence from a meta-analysis[J]. Panminerva Med, 2017, 59(1): 97-106. DOI:10.23736/S0031-0808.16.03228-6
[13]
Lin G, Sun XJ, Han QB, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor protein overexpression and gene amplification are associated with aggressive biological behaviors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Oncol Lett, 2015, 10(2): 901-906. DOI:10.3892/ol.2015.3277
[14]
Xu Y, Peng Z, Li Z, et al. Expression and clinical significance of c-Met in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. BMC Cancer, 2015, 15: 6. DOI:10.1186/s12885-014-1001-3
[15]
Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, et al. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling[J]. Science, 2007, 316(5827): 1039-1043. DOI:10.1126/science.1141478
[16]
Baschnagel AM, Williams L, Hanna A, et al. c-Met expression is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiation[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014, 88(3): 701-707. DOI:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.013
[17]
Raghav KP, Wang W, Liu S, et al. cMET and phospho-cMET protein levels in breast cancers and survival outcomes[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2012, 18(8): 2269-2277. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2830
[18]
Aebersold DM, Landt O, Berthou S, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of Met Y1253D-activating point mutation in radiotherapy-treated squamous cell cancer of the oropharynx[J]. Oncogene, 2003, 22(52): 8519-8523. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1206968
[19]
Aebersold DM, Kollar A, Beer KT, et al. Involvement of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor c-met and of Bcl-xL in the resistance of oropharyngeal cancer to ionizing radiation[J]. Int J Cancer, 2001, 96(1): 41-54. DOI:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0215
[20]
Posadas EM, Figlin RA. Understanding the role of MET kinase in cancer therapy[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(2): 169-170. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2012.46.7738
[21]
De Bacco F, Luraghi P, Medico E, et al. Induction of MET by ionizing radiation and its role in radioresistance and invasive growth of cancer[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2011, 103(8): 645-661. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djr093
[22]
Bhardwaj V, Zhan Y, Cortez MA, et al. C-Met inhibitor MK-8003 radiosensitizes c-Met-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells with radiation-induced c-Met-expression[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(8): 1211-1217. DOI:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318257cc89
[23]
Chen GZ, Dai WS, Zhu HC, et al. Foretinib enhances the radiosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting phosphorylation of c-Met[J]. J Cancer, 2017, 8(6): 983-992. DOI:10.7150/jca.18135